1、Artificial Intelligence Chapter 21. The Situation Calculus,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,2,Outline,Reasoning about States and Actions Some Difficulties Generating Plans Additional Readings and Discussion,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,3,21.1 Reasoning about States and Action
2、s,To investigate feature-based planning methods much more thoroughly, richer language to describe features and the constraints among them will be introduced.Generally, a goal condition can be described by any wff in the predicate calculus, and we can determine if a goal is satisfied in a world state
3、 described by formulas by attempting to prove the goal wff from those formulas.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,4,Situation calculus (1/3),A predicate calculus formalization of states, actions, and the effects of actions on states.Our knowledge about states and actions as formulas in the
4、first-order predicate calculus Then use a deduction system to ask questions such as “Does there exist a state to satisfy certain properties, and if so, how can the present state be transformed into that state by actions” A plan for achieving the desired state.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence
5、Lab,5,Situation calculus (2/3),The situation calculus was used in some early AI planning systems. it does not used nowadays. However, the formalism remains important for exposing and helping to clarify conceptual problems.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,6,Situation calculus (3/3),In orde
6、r to describe states in the situation calculus, we reify states. States can be denoted by constant symbols (S0, S1, S2, ), by variables, or by functional expressions. Fluents: the atomic wff can denote relations over states.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,7,Example (Figure 21.1),First-or
7、der predicate calculus On(B,A)On(A,C)On(C,F1)Clear(B) True statement On(B,A,S0)On(A,C,S0)On(C,F1,S0)Clear(B, S0) Prepositions true of all states (x,y,s)On(x,y,s)(y=F1) Clear(y,s) And (s)Clear(F1,s),(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,8,To represent actions and the effects (1/2),Reify the acti
8、on Actions can be denoted by constant symbols, by variables, or by functional expressions Generally, we can represent a family of move actions by the schema, move(x,y,z), where x, y, and z are schema variables. Imagine a function constant, do, that denotes a function that maps actions and states int
9、o states. do(,) denotes a function that maps the state-action pair into the state obtained by performing the action denoted by in the state denoted by .,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,9,To represent actions and the effects (2/2),Express the effects of actions by wffs. There are two such
10、wffs for each action-fluent pair. For the pair On, move. On(x,y,s)Clear(x,s)Clear(z,s)(xz) On(x,z,do(move(x,y,z),s) And On(x,y,s)Clear(x,s)Clear(z,s)(xz) On(x,z,do(move(x,y,z),s),positive effect axiom,negative effect axiom,preconditions,consequent,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,10,Effect
11、 axioms,We can also write effect axioms for the Clear, move pair. On(x,y,s)Clear(x,s)Clear(z,s)(xz)(yz) Clear(y,do(move(x,y,z),s) On(x,y,s)Clear(x,s)Clear(z,s)(xz)(zF1) Clear(z,do(move(x,y,z),s) The antecedents consist of two parts One part expresses the preconditions under which the action can be e
12、xecuted The other part expresses the condition under which the action will have the effect expressed in the consequent of the axiom.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,11,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,12,21.2.1 Frame Axioms,Not all of the statements true about state do(move(B,A,
13、F1),S0) can be inferred by the effects axioms. Before the move, such as that C was on the floor and that B was clear are also true of the state after the move. In order to make inferences about these constancies, we need frame axioms for each action and for each fluent that doesnt change as a result
14、 of the action.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,13,21.2.1 Frame Axioms,The frame axioms for the pair, (move, On) On(x,y,s)(xu) On(x,y,do(move(u,y,z),s) (On(x,y,s)(xu)(yz) On(x,y,do(move(u,v,z),s)The frame axioms for the pair, move, Clear Clear(u,s)(uz) Clear(u,do(move(x,y,z),s) Clear(u,s)
15、(uy) Clear(u,do(move(x,y,z),s),positive frame axioms,negative frame axioms,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,14,21.2.1 Frame Axioms,Frame axioms are used to prove that a property of a state remains true if the state is changed by an action that doesnt affect that property.Frame problem The
16、various difficulties associated with dealing with fluents that are not affected by actions.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,15,21.2.2 Qualifications,The antecedent of the transition formula describing an action such as move gives the preconditions for a rather idealized case. To be more p
17、recise, adding other qualification such as Too_heavy(x,s), Glued_down(x,s), Armbroken(s), Qualification problem The difficulty of specifying all of the important qualifications.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,16,21.2.3 Ramifications,Ramification problem Keeping track of which derived for
18、mulas survive subsequent state transitions.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,17,21.3 Generating Plans,To generate a plan that achieves some goal, (s), We attempt to prove (s) (s) And use the answer predicate to extract the state as a function of the nested actions that produce it.,(C) 2000
19、, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,18,Example (Figure 21.1) (1/2),We want a plan that gets block B on the floor from the initial state, S0, given in Figure 21.1. Prove (s) On(B, F1, s) We will prove by resolution refutation that the negation of (s) On(B, F1, s), together with the formulas that descr
20、ibe S0 and the effects of move are inconsistent. Use an answer predicate to capture the substitutions made during the proof.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,19,Example (Figure 21.1) (2/2),On(A,C,S0) On(C,F1,S0) Clear(B,S0) Clear(F1,S0) On(x,y,s)Clear(x,s) Clear(z,s) (xz) On(x,z,do(move(x,
21、y,z),s),(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,20,Difficulties,If several actions are required to achieve a goal, the action functions would be nested. The proof effort is too large for even simple plan.,(C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab,21,Additional Readings,Reiter 1991 Successor-state axiom Shanahan 1997 Frame problem Levesque, et al. 1977 GOLOG(alGol in LOGic) Scherl & Levesque 1993 Robot study in Perception Robot Group,
