1、Assessment of Transportation Infrastructure: Roads and Bridges,Yu.V. Kozyr, RSA, General Director of Kopart 36-86, Greena street, scow 117628, kozyrkopart.ru Bangkok, July, 2007,The role of transportation infrastructure in society,The role of transportation infrastructure in Society is similar to th
2、at of money in the economy, although, the role of roads play a more important part: without money, only natural economy can exist based on the barter of goods, however, without roads the exchange of goods is restricted to a relatively limited area.,Who are the beneficiaries?,When valuing roads (brid
3、ges) one has to first determine: who this assessment is being made for the owner of the facility, its users or Society as a whole? The value of a facility to Society is the sum total of the values attached to the road by the road users and owners.,Assessment of Roads on Behalf of the Owner the State
4、,Assessment of roads on behalf of the State can be made in two ways: one approach is based on costs and the second one on perceived benefits from construction and subsequent operation.,Approach is based on costs,The cost based assessment considers the costs associated with design, preparation and co
5、nstruction works, cost of the maintenance performed (everything priced as at the date of assessment), and also, the current condition of the roadbed (degree of wear).,Approach is based on perceived benefits,Assessment based on perceived benefits from construction and operation can be schematically r
6、epresented as follows:Value of facility (NPV) = = PV (benefit from operation) PV (design and construction cost) PV (operation costs) = = PV (increase of taxes and revenues stipulated by the assessed road operation + increase of associated revenues for the corresponding state enterprises + reduction
7、in payment of death and injury allowances + reduction of medical care costs for the Health and Social Development Ministry + reduction of costs for the Ministry for Emergency Situations, militia, fire brigades and ambulance PV (design and construction costs) PV (operation costs), where PV cost as of
8、 the date of assessment (for the values given in parenthesis).,Assessment of Roads on Behalf of the Road Users,Assessment of roads on behalf of the users can be made by one of the following methods: Value of facility = PV (reduction of costs, including time cost, as a result of the use of the road u
9、nder assessment as compared to the use of any alternative roads). Value of facility = PV (revenues and benefits, which cannot be obtained without using the road under assessment costs associated with driving these roads and other costs associated with obtaining the abovementioned revenues). Lower li
10、mit of the value of facility = PV (costs associated with the road use (cost of fuel, depreciation of the vehicles, road tax and mandatory insurance (OSAGO). This assessment method is based on the fact that road users spend money to use the road (i.e. to drive on this road) only because the benefit t
11、hey receive is higher than the costs.,Necessity of research data,In the assessment of infrastructure facilities, such as roads, an important role is played by research-based assessments, such as dependence on the change in the road network, increase of the roads traffic capacity and the change of th
12、e tax revenues for the local budgets. For example: people living in a town or village which is equidistant from two cities, will generally opt to travel to the larger city. Such factors must be taken into consideration,The state government decision made on the basis of “narrow” state interests,The s
13、tate government decisions to construct or repair a road made on the basis of “narrow” state interests, provided the funding is available, should depend on the following criteria:Perceived benefits for the state (budgets at all levels) from operation of a road exceed expected costs of construction an
14、d subsequent maintenance of the road (or only maintenance, if the road is already in existance).,The state government decision made on the basis of “broad” state-society interests,The state government decisions to construct or repair a road made on the basis of “broad” state-society interests, provi
15、ded the funding is available, should depend on the following rule: Perceived benefits for the society (i.e. perceived benefits for the budgets at all levels + perceived benefits for the road users) exceed expected costs of construction and subsequent maintenance of the road (or only maintenance, if
16、the road is already in existance). The last rule, broadly speaking, should incorporate the enhanced living standards of the population using the road, which involves quantitative assessment of the human life value,Valuation of non-commercially used roads,Types of value to be determined: Value in use
17、Investment value Where intra-enterprise roads are valued, going concern value can be used as the value base. In such cases value of roads represents a portion of the total value of an enterprise.Applicable approaches: Depreciated replacement cost (DRC) Income approach Note. To evaluate bridges, apar
18、t from the above approaches, a comparative approach can be also used. An example of that approach is shown in Slides 22-32.,Approach 1: Depreciated replacement cost (DRC),Value of an existing road = Costs of construction of a new identical road ( -) (minus) Cost equivalent of total accumulated wear
19、and tear,Assessment of costs involved in new road construction,Soil type,Designed traffic intensity,Road category,Unit costs (from Reference Books (KO-Invest (Russia) RS-Means (Europe) Marshall &Swift (California),Adjustments of standard unit rates based on local conditions,Calculation of unit cost
20、of road construction,Unit cost of road bed construction,Unit cost of engineering communications construction,x road length = cost of road bed construction,x road length = = cost of engineering communications construction,= Cost of new road construction,Assessment of physical wear and tear,Designed t
21、raffic intensity,Operational traffic intensity,Life cycle wear and tear (actual wear and tear caused by movements of vehicles),Repairs wear and tear,Time (weathering) wear and tear,Total physical deterioration,Economic obsolescence valuation,Loss of value caused by factors external to the asset conc
22、ernedExample: asphalt road was used only by the factory. The factory was closed. Therefore, traffic intensity on the road reduced.Economic obsolescence will be affected in two ways: 1. decrease in road usage 2. reduction in road traffic will impact on the calculation of construction and maintenance
23、costs.,Approach 2: Income approach,The construction of non-commercially used roads constitutes an investment activity of the state to achieve social goals and commercial benefits,Social goals,Better labour and recreation conditions for the public Quicker and more comfortable travel of people on new
24、roads and repaired old roads and new opportunities to physically reach remote locationsSocial investments efficiency benchmark: To reach maximum return on a unit of used (invested) funds.Return can be measured in kind: With reduced time spent on travel between locations in number of saved hours per
25、one kilometer of travel; With increased highway traffic capacity in changed quantities of vehicles moving per time unit; Reduced rate of injuries per year or per 1,000 vehicles a year,Commercial benefits,Construction of virtually any new large-scale facility always starts with the construction of ro
26、ads to such a facility.Construction of a new road in a remote scarcely populated area causes booming economic activity in its proximity : gas stations, cafes, motels and other facilities appear. Traffic intensity on the road gradually increases. Thus, the value of road-adjacent land plots greatly ap
27、preciates in value.,Conclusion:,Commercial benefits associated with construction of roads for the state are:Higher economic activities of territories (higher tax collections, higher lease payments, higher interest of the state and its constituents in the ownership of real estate facilities)Benefits
28、of construction of roads for private investments are : Increase in traffic of people (for owners of cafes, motels and gas stations) Higher sales income and real estate lease rates (for developers),Sources of funding construction and repairs of roads,Money in the Road Fund (built up by road users tax
29、es) Budget funds of municipalities Private investments,Transformation of commercial benefits to value under income approach,If you know sources of commercial benefits, you can transform them to assess commercial efficiency of construction of non-commercially used roadsFor the state/municipalities: N
30、PV = - road construction costs capitalized portion of repairs costs + expected total increased receipts due to road construction (higher lease payments on state-owned real estate facilities, higher land tax, higher value of the state property in its interest in newly built real estate facilities) +
31、expected reduced maintenance and operating costs related to publicly owned municipal enterprises (transport enterprises and utilities) and emergency services (police, ambulances, firefighters) For private investors: NPV = - road construction costs + expected total increased receipts due to road cons
32、truction (an increase in people traffic, higher sales of newly built real estate facilities),Example of bridge evaluation based on comparative approach,DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSABLE FACILITY,Design of Skanska Bridge IKEA, Moscow, Russia No. 01-0300 was issued 18.10.99 and provided for construction of a
33、three span motorway bridge with “traffic on top”, of 114 m length, 8.8 m wide with two buttresses.Medium buttress height from the edge of foundation 5.5 m Buttresses reinforced-concrete, solid-cast Abutments reinforced-concrete, solid-cast. Length between buttresses : 34,0 46,0 34,0 . Bridge superst
34、ructure Double T- metal beams with reinforced-concrete paving slabs Pedestrians bridge superstructure reinforced-concrete,DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSABLE FACILITY (continued),Bridge structures composition: columns, beams, slabs, etc. Material Specifications: Concrete 30 ( 35); steel bars III (400), AIV (5
35、00W), Steel structures: binding bolts St52-3, welded beams and columns St52-3 or S355JRG2 , Square pipes S355J2H, Hot-rolled sections St37-2, St52-3 or S355J2 Corrugated sheet St37-2, hot dipped galvanized grills, bolts 8,8 (DIN931) hot dipped galvanized screws 8,8 (DIN934) hot dipped galvanized was
36、hers (DIN126),Composition of assessable facilities,Location of assessable facility,The assessable facility is located at the IKEA warehouse in Khimki, Moskovskaya Oblast, about 3.5 km away from the Moscow outer motorway. Traffic accessibility is good. Access to loading devices and vehicles is in pla
37、ce. Shipment of assessable structures during purchase-sale is in place,TECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR ROADS OF GENERAL USE,According to technical classification of motor roads of general use the assessable structures of a motor bridge can be used for a motor road of category II with two traffic l
38、anes of 3.75 m width and with no central dividing stripClass of load for standard load should be accepted as equal to: For motor roads I , I, I, category I I 11.5 (kN); For motor roads categories I I I and I V 10.0 (kN); For motor roads category V 6 (kN); For bridge structures and pipes on roads of
39、all categories 14(kN) For wooden bridges - 11.3 (kN),Traffic intensity,Road category allows for determination of motor bridge traffic intensity of less than 4,000 vehicles per day Estimated speed 100120 km/h.This data can be used to estimate the frequency of road repairs,COST PARAMETERS OF MOTOR BRI
40、DGES OF CATEGORY II,Information about a similar facility No.1: Urals news Bridge length is 220 m. .Tentative cost of a motor bridge is RUB 100 million. Information source: toz.khv.ru/template.php Unit cost: 100 000 000 / 220 = RUB 454,545/ LM,COST PARAMETERS OF MOTOR BRIDGES OF CATEGORY II (continue
41、d 1),Information about a similar facility No.2: The overall length of the bridge crossing is 0.7km, the bridge length is 170 LM and its estimated cost is about RUB 150 million at current prices. With such considerable construction costs and relatively low prospective traffic intensity of 800 vehicle
42、s per day ( including cargo traffic) the payback period will be about 15 years which is twice as much as what is acceptable. Taking into consideration the shortage of finances in the road fund, the construction of a new bridge crossing is not feasible in the short run . Information source: http:/gov
43、ernment.mosreg.ru Unit cost: 150 000 000 / 170 = RUB 882 353 /LM.Information about a similar facility No.3: The bridge crossing of 391 m costing RUB 215 million has become the longest crossing. www.volga-astrakhan.ru Unit cost : 215 000 000 / 391 = RUB 549 872 LM,Conclusion,Based on the study of cos
44、ts of todays bridges available on various Internet sites a tentative average unit cost is determined (refer to the above data):UNIT COSTS: Length 170 m RUB 882 353 /LM Length 220 m RUB 454 545 /LM Length 391 m RUB 549 872 /LMAverage unit cost RUB 628 923 /LM,Final calculation (comparative approach),
45、Average unit price RUB 628 923 /LMBridge length 114 m Total cost of construction of the assessable bridge : 114 628 923 = RUB 71 697 222 million,Commercially used roads: valuation for owners,Prw road value for owners,- average number of cars travelling on the road per day (traffic),- average distanc
46、e of one trip, p payment per 1 km M expected operating time for the road, Ce1 operating costs per 1 year, gp expected growth rate of payments, goc expected growth rate of operating costs, r discount rate for payments, rf risk free rate.,Commercially used roads: valuation for users,Pruextra road extr
47、a value for users in comparison with value of free charge road, tfc time for moving of km, if use free charge road, tc time for moving of km, if use charge road (tc 0, if tc tfc),Final Summary,On a final note, I would like to sum up the principal point covered during this presentation: First of all, its extremely important to identify precisely who will benefit Secondly, one must pinpoint what type of value is to be determined Finally, having done this, one must apply one of the following methods: Depreciated Replacement Cost (DRC); Discounted Cash Flow of Beneficiaries,
