1、Beyond “listen and repeat“ - an overview of English pronunciation teaching materials,Magdalena Wrembel Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna magdalaamu.edu.pl,2,Introduction,Unexplored question - have material designers responded to changing perspectives? Jones (1997): “In spite of a changed phonologica
2、l focus . teaching techniques and tasks continue to rely on the behaviourist notions of SLA such as habit formation“. My intention: to examine how recent SLA findings and new trends in pronunciation pedagogy are reflected in pronunciation materials Selected materials: textbooks computer software Int
3、ernet web sites,3,Outline of the presentation,Theoretical introduction - changing perspectives in pronunciation pedagogy Analysis of materials Model accents Goals and priorities Common core features Pronunciation teaching techniques Conclusions,4,Changing perspectives in pronunciation pedagogy,Histo
4、rical outline of pronunciation instruction:Grammar Translation - irrelevant Direct Method - intuition & imitation Audiolingual Method - important, drills Communicative Approach - initially disregarded, growing awareness,5,Changing perspectives in pronunciation pedagogy (2),Shift in priorities (segme
5、ntals suprasegmentals) Contextualisation and fluency-building Widened scope of pronunciation instruction Holistic approach Autonomy and speech awareness New technologies,6,Materials analysis - model accents,Textbooks (31),CD-ROMs (13),Internet resources,BE-19,? - 2,BE- 4,AE-10,Phonetics reference si
6、tes Phonetic labs Professional organisations Text files Sound files,AE-10,? - 2,7,Target model variety - years of publication,8,Redirection of priorities,segmentals,suprasegmentals,segmentals+suprasegm.,9,Focus on segmentals1,1960s-70s Detailed treatment of Vs & Cs Optional features: consonantal clu
7、sters, weak forms, linking, elements of stress & intonation,10,Focus on segmentals2,Textbooks:Baker,A. 1977. Ship or sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course. Baker, A. 1982. Tree or Three? An elementary pronunciation course. Barnard,G.L. & P.S.McKay. 1963. Practice in spoken English. Hooke,R. &
8、J. Rowell. 1982. A handbook of English pronunciation. Kenyon,J. S. 1956. American pronunciation. MacCarthy,P.1965. A practice book of English speech. Munro Mackenzie,M.D.1973. Modern English pronunciation practice.,11,Segmentals + suprasegmentals1,1980s - 1990s Vs - quantitative & qualitative, empha
9、sis differs Cs - focal areas: aspiration, contrast, fortis / lenis, clusters Suprasegmentals: stress & rhythm, connected speech, weak forms, intonation Additional features: spelling - sound correspondence, guidance for different L1, voice quality,12,Segmentals + suprasegmentals2,Arabski,J. 1987. Wym
10、owa amerykaska. Cunningham S, & B. Bowler. 1999. New Headway Pronunciation Course Hewings,M. 1993. Pronunciation tasks. A course for pre-intermediate learners. OConnor,J. D. & J. Fletcher.1989. Sounds English. OConnor,J. D. 1967 (1989). Better English pronunciation. Orion,G. 1997. Pronouncing Americ
11、an English: sounds, stress, and intonation. Ponsby, M. 1982. How Now, Brown Cow? Reszkiewicz,A. 1981. Correct your English pronunciation. Sobkowiak,W. 1996. English phonetics for Poles. CD PRONUNCIATION POWER CD SPEAK FLUENT AMERICAN ENGLISH CD MOULTON INTERACTIVE INTRO TO PHON & PHON CD FONETYKA AN
12、GIELSKA W PIGUCE CD HUMMINGBIRD SOUND MACHINES,13,Suprasegmentals 1,Stress - (word stress, nuclear stress, unaccented syllables, schwa, weak forms) Rhythm - (thought groups) Intonation - (communicative function, discourse-based) Secondary importance Connected speech Individual sounds - selected aspe
13、cts aspiration, voicing, consonantal contrasts, clusters vowel duration practised in the context of connected speech,14,Suprasegmentals 2,Bogle,D. 1996. Practical phonology. Bradford, B. 1988. Intonation in Context. Brazil,D. 1994. Pronunciation for advanced learners of English. Gilbert,J. 1993. Cle
14、ar speech. Miller,S.F. 2000. Targeting pronunciation: the intonation, sounds, and rhythm of American English. Morley, J. 1979. Improving Spoken English. Mortimer,C. 1985. Elements of pronunciation. Prator,C. 1951 (1985). A manual of American English pronunciation. Rogerson,P. & J.B.Gilbert. 1990. Sp
15、eaking clearly. Vaughan-Rees, M. 1994. Rhymes and Rhythm. Weinstein, N. 1982. Whaddaya Say? Zawadzki, H. 1994 In tempo. CD BETTER ACCENT TUTOR.FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH CD PRONUNCIATION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH CD CONNECTED SPEECH,15,16,Pronunciation syllabi - common core features vs. LFC,85% weak vowel 77% i
16、ntonation 74% word stress 70% vowel quantity 67% vowel quality 67% tonic stress 46% - consonantal clusters 67% unstressed syllables 44% - linking 63% rhythm (thought groups) 41% - rhotic r 59% diphthongs 37% - assimilation 56% dental fricatives 37% - aspiration 52% weak forms 32% - fortis / lenis 52
17、% consonants 18% - spelling / sound 48% elisions 18% - dark l,17,Pronunciation teaching techniques,“Listen and repeat“ Minimal pair drills Sample materials: Higgins Home Page, Baker 1977, Baker 1982, Barnard & McKay 1963, OConnor 1967, OConnor & Fletcher 1989, Orion 1997, Cunningham & Bowler 1999 Ea
18、r training -recognition/discrimination Baker 1977, Baker 1982, OConnor 1967, OConnor & Fletcher 1989, Clear Speech Works (CD), Ponsby 1982, UCL Phonetic training Reszkiewicz 1981, Arabski 1987, Brazil 1994, Orion 1997, The Mouton Interactive Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (CD), Fonetyka ang
19、ielska w piguce (CD), PHON2, UCLAs Phonetic Lab, Maidments Pronunciation Tip of the Day,18,Pronunciation teaching techniques (2),Reading aloud / recitation Mortimer 1985, Bradford 1988, Brazil 1994, Ponsby 1982 Tongue twisters and poems Vaughan-Rees 1994, Recks Collection of Tongue Twisters Pronunci
20、ation games Maidments Sound Machines, Windmayers Sounds of English Pronunciation Power (CD), Bogle 1996, Hancock 2003 Communicative / contextualised activities Morley 1979, Bradford 1988, OConnor & Fletcher 1989, Gilbert 1993, Hewings & Goldstein 1993, Brazil 1994, Miller 2000,19,Pronunciation teach
21、ing techniques (3),Pair work OConnor & Fletcher 1989, Miller 2000, Hewings & Goldstein 1993 Multisensory modes of presentation Kinaesthetic reinforcement Bogle 1996, Miller 2000 Visual support Sobkowiak 1996, Orion 1997, Pronunciation Power (CD), Clear Speech Works (CD), CSLU Toolkit Baldi Guidance
22、for users of different languages: Cunningham & Bowler 1999, OConnor & Fletcher 1989, Hancock 2003,20,Pronunciation teaching techniques (4),Transcription exercises Bogle 1996, Orion 1997, Lecumberri & Maidment 2000 Integrated skills Speak Fluent American English (CD), Gilbert 1993 Voice quality Speak
23、 Fluent American English (CD) Sensitisation Bradford 1988, Brazil 1994, Hancock 2003 Self-monitoring and learners autonomy: Brazil 1994, Miller 2000, CD-ROMs,21,Conclusions,Greater variety in NS-model accents Redefined goals and priorities intelligibility & communication Pronunciation syllabi - litt
24、le compatibility with LFC Wider inventory of teaching techniques beyond “listen & repeat“ consciousness-raising and self-monitoring,22,Internet resources - Phonetics Reference Sites,CyberPhon (acoustic phonetics) http:/www.cyberphon.univ-lyon2.fr PHON2: Phonetics beyond the basics http:/www.linguist
25、ics.reading.ac.uk/phon2 Pronunciation Web Resources - links http:/ An overview of pronunciation software, D. Healey http:/oregonstate.edu/healeyd/tesol2002/pron.html,23,Internet resources (2) - text files,John Higgins Home Page - minimal pairs http:/ Michael Recks Collection of Tongue Twisters http:
26、/www.uebersetzung.at/twister/en.html Sharon Windmayers Sounds of English http:/www.soundsofenglish.org Maidments Pronunciation Tip of the Day http:/www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/eptotd/tiphome.html SILs IPA Fonts http:/www.itl.atr.co.jp/comp.speech/Section1/Fonts/sil.ipa.html,24,Internet resources (
27、3) - practical activities on the Web,John Maidments Sound Machines http:/www.eptotd.btinternet.co.uk/vm/soundmachines.htm Vowel Machine Transcriber TONI PLATO Web-based transcription tool http:/www.wtt.org.uk Sharon Windmayers Sounds of English http:/www.soundsofenglish.org,25,Internet resources (4)
28、 - phonetic labs and organisations,UCLAs Phonetics Lab http:/www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/uclaplab.html Phonetics Dep. at the University College London http:/www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells The International Phonetic Association http:/www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html IATEFLs Pronun.
29、Special Interest Group http:/ TESOLs Speech/Pronunc. Special Interest Section http:/www.public.iastate.edu/jlevis/SPRIS/,26,Pronunciation CD-ROMs,THE MOUTON INTERACTIVE INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY FONETYKA ANGIELSKA W PIGUCE, Sobkowiak,W. 2000. (BE) PRONUNCIATION POWER (AE) http:/ PRONUN
30、CIATION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH 1999 (AE) BETTER ACCENT TUTOR FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH (AE) SPEAK FLUENT AMERICAN ENGLISH (AE) HUMMINGBIRD (AE) http:/ SOUND MACHINES (BE) CONNECTED SPEECH (AE, BE, Australian) CLEAR SPEECH WORKS (AE) AMERICAN SPEECH SOUNDS (AE) ENGLISH EASY: VOWELS AND CONSONANTS (Canadian English) PPO-NUNCIATION SOUND LAB & MOUTH EXERCISES (BE, AE) AMERICAN ACCENT PROGRAMME (AE),
