1、BIO 304 Microbiology Read the newspaper lately?,Microorganisms affect our daily lives in many ways.Canada geese can be winged couriers of so-called superbugsHorses to be vaccinated for EEE and WNVStaph infections latest threat to athletes healthTransgenic cows have udder successSeeing microbes from
2、spaceBacteria Convert Cooking Oil To Hydrogen FuelPhotosynthesis: One of Lifes Top Ten Inventions,they affect us so much that,At the turn of the new millenium, Time magazine declaredThe 20th Century was the Age of Physics and The 21st Century will bethe Age of Biotechnology,Dr. Kary Mullis,Dr. Alber
3、t Einstein,The objects of study,Yet, its mainly bacteria, viruses, and fungi that we study in Microbiology.,Microorganisms (microbes) are able to grow, generate energy, and reproduce in a single cell. Specifically, they have the ability to: metabolize most food (organic/carbon) sources withstand the
4、 range of Earthly temperatures atmospheric pressures osmotic pressures pH ranges Most plant and animals exist as multi-cellular organisms.,This course is mainly about bacteria.,The study of microbiology is a bit different!,Microbiology = the study of microscopic lifeversus Botany- the study of plant
5、s Zoology- the study of animals Procedures & practices are quite different - look for biochemical and genetic differences Therefore microbiology has developed independently of zoology & botany. Bacteria and viruses are referred to by STRAIN,Where can we find MOs and in what forms?,Microbes and the B
6、iosphere- Air 100,000 feet (19 miles)- Soil 1,700 feet- Water 34,000 feet (6.5 miles),Photo from ASM,Microbial ubiquity,Microorganisms (MOs) exist everywhere! In soil, water, and air In/on your skin, hair, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract Outnumber our cells by more than 10:1 in/on our body! Yet,
7、 were barely aware that they exist. We become aware when we become sick or notice spoiled or damaged goods. less than 0.01% of bacteria cause disease. Most are beneficial to man and other life forms.,However, negative affects on mankind,Historic: Bubonic Plague- wiped out 25% of Europe in 4 years (1
8、347-1351).prelude to Renaissance? Syphilis not recorded in Europe until after Columbus and crew returned from New World Irish Potato Blight- 1 million starved causing mass migration to US/other countries (1870s) Civil War and WW1-more soldiers died from disease and infection than from gunshot wounds
9、 Malaria, Dengue fever, and other human parasites significant impact on central region of Africa,Affects to mankind contd.,Modern day: Emergent and re-emergent diseases: 1974: Discovery of Lyme Disease agent 1976: Discovery of Legionnaires Disease agent 1978: Toxic Shock Syndrome caused by bacterial
10、 toxins 1983: Discovery of HIV infecting human T cells 1985: Multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1993: Hanta/Ebola hemorrhagic virus 1999: West Nile virus 2002: MRSA and VRSA seen in hospitals in Canada 2003: SARS virus ?: H5:N1 Influenza virus In every case, new problems have created ne
11、w areas of study with the creation of new technologies. In fact, over 50% of all Rx antibiotics come from soil bacteria.,Still, the overwhelming majority of microbes are beneficial to mankind!,Microorganisms aid in: Environmental recycling Mining Agriculture Human health Biotechnology Food/beverage
12、industry,Microbes and Agriculture,Certain soil bacteria live symbiotically in the roots of legumes (N2-fixing bacteria)-convert inert N2 gas into amines Mycorrhizal fungi -provide increased N, P, K, and antibiotics! Ruminant bacteria of cattle, sheep benefit these animals in metabolizing cellulose,M
13、icrobes and the Food Industry,Foods made directly with aid of microbes Cheeses (bleu, camembert, Roquefort, brie), yogurt, breads, vinegars, soy sauce, sweeteners Most all foods are indirectly aided by microbial activity (vegetables and meat commodities) Fermented beverages - $60 Billion/year (US) B
14、acteria provide high quality protein SCP! in the future?,Energy related industries involving microbes,Natural gas (methane) is a product of bacterial action Will be discussed in Archaebacteria section Methanogens Crude oil is a product of prehistoric microbial photosynthesis. Also, crude oil can be
15、degraded by bacteria Drilling *All of these require Recovery methods which minimize Storage microbial contamination.,Mineral and energy related industries involving microbes,This is a $200 Billion industry per year. Refuse piles These may be converted to Landfills “biofuels” Surplus grainNow, metal
16、recovery from low-grade ores Fe and Cu Reduced ions as a result of microbial metabolism,Recombinant MOs can mass produce substances related to human health,Insulin- hormone which lowers blood sugar; used by diabetics Interferon- class of cytokines effective vs viral infections Factor VIII- blood pro
17、tein necessary for clotting; missing in hemophiliacs Streptokinin - bacterial enzyme to dissolve blood clots in coronary arteries Beta endorphins- pain suppressors,Microbes and Biotechnology,“Bacteria invented the biotech industry” Taq polymerase used for PCR amplification of DNA (from Thermus aquat
18、icus) Genes can be excised from DNA, using microbial enzymes as precise tools restriction enzymes Bacterial plasmids can be used to inject genes or altered DNA into host cells - transformation Bacteria can be genetically modified to mass produce a wide assortment of productsMicrobes are the “hammers and nails” of biotechnology!,Microbes are critically important!,“The role of the infinitely small is infinitely large. ”-Louis Pasteur (1869),
