1、Blood and Lymphatic Systems,CHAPTER 9,Blood System Overview,Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body cellsBlood removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from body cells for elimination,Composition of Blood,Plasma 90 percent water = liquid portion of blood Transports cellular elements of
2、blood throughout circulatory system Remaining portion = solutes Electrolytes, proteins, fats, glucose, bilirubin, and gases Most abundant solutes are plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen,Composition of Blood,Solid components Formed elements = cells + cell fragments Erythrocytes, leuk
3、ocytes, thrombocytes,Plasma Proteins,Albumins Constitute about 60 percent of the plasma proteins Help maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure Help to maintain balance between fluid in the blood and fluid in the interstitial tissues,Globulins Constitute approximately 36 percent of plasma prot
4、eins Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids (fats) and fat-soluble vitamins in blood Gamma globulins are antibodies and function in immunity,Plasma Proteins,Fibrinogen Constitutes approximately 4 percent of plasma proteins Largest of plasma proteins Essential in process of blood clotting,Plasma P
5、roteins,Blood Cells,Erythrocytes Known as red blood cells (RBC) Tiny biconcave-shaped disks Thinner in center than around edges No nucleus in mature red blood cell Average life span = approximately 120 days Main component = hemoglobin Primary function = transport oxygen to cells of body,Blood Cells,
6、Leukocytes Known as white blood cells (WBC) Larger than erythrocytes, but fewer in number Mature WBC has a nucleus; does not have hemoglobin Two categories = granulocytes + agranulocytes Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm Agranulocytes have no granules in their cytoplasm Five different ty
7、pes of leukocytes within the categories,Blood Cells Granulocytes,Neutrophils Constitute approximately 60-70 percent of all WBCs Have multi-lobed nuclei Phagocytic in nature Do not absorb acid or base dye well Remain fairly neutral color,Granulocytes,Eosinophils Constitute approximately 2-4 percent o
8、f all WBCs Have a nucleus with two lobes Increase in number in response to allergic reactions Stain a red, rosy color with an acid dye,Granulocytes,Basophils Constitute less than 1 percent of all WBCs Have a nucleus with two lobes Secrete histamine during allergic reactions Secrete heparin a natural
9、 anticoagulant Stain a dark blue with a base dye,Monocytes Constitute approximately 3-8 percent of all WBCs Largest of all white blood cells Have a kidney bean-shaped nucleus Phagocytic in nature,Blood Cells Agranulocytes,Agranulocytes,Lymphocytes Constitute approximately 20-25 percent of all WBCs H
10、ave a large spherical-shaped nucleus Play important role in immune process Some lymphocytes are phagocytic Other lymphocytes produce antibodies,Cell Fragments,Thrombocytes Small, disc-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryocytes Also known as platelets Contain no hemoglobin Essential f
11、or normal clotting of blood,Blood Types,Blood Type A Has A-antigen present on RBC Has Anti-B antibody present in plasma Blood Type B Has B-antigen present on RBC Has Anti-A antibody present in plasma,Blood Types,Blood Type AB Has AB-antigens present on RBC Has no antibodies present in plasma Blood T
12、ype O Has no antigens present on RBC Has both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies present in plasma,Donor Person who gives blood Recipient Person who receives blood,Terms Related to Blood Transfusions,Universal Donor Blood Type O No A antigens or B antigens present on its RBCs Universal Recipient Blood Typ
13、e AB No anti-A or Anti-B antigens present in its plasma,Terms Related to Blood Transfusions,Rh Factor,Rh Positive (Rh+) Rh antigen is present on the RBC Rh Negative (Rh-) Rh antigen not present on the RBC Concern: Rh- blood being exposed to Rh+ blood via transfusion Concern: Rh- mother giving birth
14、to Rh+ baby and blood mixes during birth process,Blood Clotting,Clotting of blood = coagulation Injury to blood vessel creates roughened area in vessel Platelets come in contact with rough spot and disintegrate Release substance called thromboplastin Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin
15、 In presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin Fibrin threads form a mesh that forms the clot,PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS,The Blood,Pronounced (an-NEE-mee-ah) Defined Deficiency of oxygen being delivered to cells due to decrease in quantity of hemoglobin
16、 or red blood cells,Anemia,Similarities in all types of anemia Fatigue Paleness of skin Headache Fainting Tingling sensations and numbness Loss of appetite Swelling in lower extremities Difficulty breathing,Anemia,Pronounced (ah-PLAST-ik an-NEE-mee-ah) Defined Form of anemia characterized by pancyto
17、penia, an inadequacy of all the formed blood elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) Also known as “bone marrow depression anemia”,Aplastic Anemia,Pronounced (he-moh-LIT-ik an-NEE-mee-ah) Defined Form of anemia characterized by the extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction,Hemolytic An
18、emia,Iron Deficiency Anemia,Pronounced (EYE-urn dee-FIH-shen-see an-NEE-mee-ah) Defined Anemia that is characterized by deficiency of hemoglobin level due to a lack of iron in the body,Pronounced (per-NISH-us an-NEE-mee-ah) Defined Form of anemia resulting from a deficiency of mature RBCs and the fo
19、rmation and circulation of megaloblasts with marked poikilocytosis, and anisocytosis Distorted RBCs due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption necessary for maturation of RBCs,Pernicious Anemia,Pronounced (SIKL-SELL an-NEE-mee-ah) Defined Chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which RBCs become c
20、rescent-shaped in presence of low oxygen concentration Crescent-shaped RBCs clump together forming thromboses which occlude small blood vessels, causing much pain for the individual,Sickle Cell Anemia,Granulocytosis,Pronounced (gran-yew-loh-sigh-TOH-sis) Defined Abnormally elevated number of granulo
21、cytes in the circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection,Hemochromatosis,Pronounced (hee-moh-kroh-mah-TOH-sis) Defined Rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron deposits throughout the body Usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias,Hemophilia,
22、Pronounced (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah) Defined Hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times,Hemophilia,Hemophilia A Also called classic hemophilia Result of a deficiency or absence of antihemophilic factor VIII Deficiency results in traumatic or spontaneous bleeding
23、Characterized by bleeding in joints, gums, or mouth Hematuria is a common characteristic,Hemophilia,Hemophilia B Also called Christmas disease Result of deficiency of a coagulation factor called factor IX Only distinguishable from Hemophilia through laboratory differentiation of factor deficiencies,
24、Leukemia,Pronounced (loo-KEE-mee-ah) Defined Excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia Course of leukemia is subclassified as acute or chronic,Leukemia,Acute leukemia Rapid onset Swiftly progresses to severe thrombocyt
25、openia, progressive anemia, infective lesions in throat and mouth, high fever, and severe infection Chronic leukemia Gradual onset Progression slower than with acute form,Leukemia,Classifications of leukemia AML Acute Myelogenous Leukemia ALL Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia CML Chronic Myelogenous Leukem
26、ia CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia,Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma),Pronounced (MULL-tih-pl- my-eh-LOH-mah) Defined Malignant plasma cell neoplasm causing an increase in the number of both mature and immature plasma cells Often entirely replace the bone marrow and destroy the skeletal structu
27、re,Polycythemia Vera,Pronounced (pol-ee-sigh-THEE-mee-ah VAIR-ah) Defined Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes, and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity,Pronounced (PURR-pew-rah) Defined Collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorr
28、hages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = antibodies formed by the individual that destroys his/her own platelets,Purpura,Thalassemia,Pronounced (thal-ah-SEE-mee-ah) Defined Hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the production of hemoglobin is def
29、icient creating hypochromic microcytic RBCs Alpha or beta hemoglobin chains are defective,DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS AND PROCEDURES,The Blood,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Direct Antiglobulin Test (Coombs Test) Blood test used to discover the presence of antierythrocyte an
30、tibodies present in the blood of an Rh negative woman Production of these antibodies is associated with an Rh incompatibility between a pregnant Rh negative woman and her Rh positive fetus,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Bleeding time Measurement of the time required for bleeding t
31、o stop Blood transfusion Administration of blood or a blood component to an individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma, or disease,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Bone marrow biopsy Microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully evaluates hematopoiesis by reveali
32、ng the number, shape, and size of the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet precursors Bone samples are obtained through aspiration or surgical removal,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Bone marrow transplant Donors bone marrow cells are infused intravenously into the recipient After recipient re
33、ceives an infusion of aggressive chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and to inactivate the immune system,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) Series of tests performed on peripheral blood, that inexpensively screens for p
34、roblems in the hematologic system as well as several other organ systems CBC includes RBC count, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, RBC indices, WBC count, WBC differential, Blood smear, Platelet count,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Test performed on bloo
35、d, that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of unclotted blood ESR is determined by measuring the settling distance of RBCs in normal saline over one hour,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Hematocrit Assessment of RBC percentage in total blood volume Hemog
36、lobin test Concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Lipid profile Measurement of the lipids in the blood Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and system of clot formation within the blood
37、,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Platelet count Blood test that provides the count of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood Prothrombin time (PT) Blood test used to evaluate common pathway and extrinsic system of clot formation,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,Re
38、d Blood Cell Count (RBC) Measurement of the circulating number of RBCs in one millimeter of peripheral blood Red blood cell morphology Examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear that enables the examiner to identify the form and shape of the RBCs,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedure
39、s,Reticulocyte count Measurement of the number of circulating reticulocytes, immature erythrocytes, in a blood specimen Rouleaux Aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact, or may occur with persons with multiple myeloma as a result of abnormal proteins,Diagnostic Tech
40、niques, Treatments, and Procedures,Schilling test Diagnostic analysis for pernicious anemia White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Measurement of the circulating number of WBCs in one cubic millimeter of peripheral blood,Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures,White blood cell differential Measureme
41、nt of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBCs present in one cubic millimeter of peripheral blood drawn for the WBC count,Lymphatic System Overview,Lymphatic system functions to produce antibodies and lymphocytes important to immunity Lymphatic system also functions to maintain a ba
42、lance of fluid in the internal environment,Lymphatic system Lymph fluid Stems from the blood and tissue fluid Lymph vessels Similar to blood vessels designed to return tissue fluid to bloodstream Lymph nodes Located along path of collecting vessels Lymphatic organs Thymus, spleen, and tonsils,Lympha
43、tic System Overview,Lymphatic System Overview,How lymph vessels differ from blood vessels Lymph vessels do not form a closed circuit as does the cardiovascular system Lymph vessels originate in intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body,Lymphatic System Overview,Lymphatic system is an importan
44、t part of the immune system Immune system consists of: Bone marrow Thymus Lymphoid tissues Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic vessels,Lymph Vessels,Lymph capillaries Smallest lymphatic vessels Originate in tissue spaces as blind-ended sacs Capillaries pick up accumulated interstitial fluid and return it t
45、o the blood Fluid inside the lymphatic vessels is known as lymph,Lymph Vessels,Lymph vessels Larger than capillaries Receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries Valves prevent backward flow of fluid Transport fluid in only one direction Away from the tissues toward the thoracic cavity,Lymph Vessels,Lym
46、phatic ducts Only points of entry of lymph into blood vessels of body Right lymphatic duct Receives lymph drainage from right side of head and neck Also receives lymph drainage from right upper extremity, and right side of chest Empties into right subclavian vein,Lymph Vessels,Lymphatic ducts Thorac
47、ic duct Receives lymph drainage from remaining regions of the body Empties into left subclavian vein,Lymph Nodes,Collections of lymphatic tissue Also called lymph glands Located at intervals along course of lymphatic system vessels Lymph passes through stationary lymph nodes Old, dead cells and bact
48、eria present in lymph are filtered out Macrophages engulf and destroy any bacteria present,Thymus,Located in mediastinum Secretes thymosin stimulates red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes T- cells important in immune response T-cells mature in the thymus,Spleen,Located in upper left quadrant of a
49、bdomen: just below diaphragm, behind stomach Largest lymphatic organ in the body Plays an important role in the immune response Filters blood Macrophages of spleen remove pathogens from circulating blood Macrophages also remove old red blood cells from circulation,Tonsils,Masses of lymphatic tissue
50、Located in protective ring, just under the mucous membrane Surround the mouth and back of the throat Serve as first line of defense from the external environment,Tonsils,Three groups Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids Located near opening of the nasal cavity into pharynx (throat) Palatine tonsils Located on each side of the throat, near opening or oral cavity into pharynx Commonly known as the tonsils Lingual tonsils Located near the base of the tongue,
