1、1,BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Road Management and Safety Project PROCUREMENT LAUNCH WORKSHOP May 21-22, 2002, Sarajevo,2,MODULE 1 PROJECT PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS,3,LOAN AGREEMENT (LA),LA IS RULING DOCUMENT BETWEEN BORROWER AND WORLD BANK LA TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS PROJECT APPRAI
2、SAL DOCUMENT (PAD), ANNEX 6, NOT LEGALLY BINDING PROJECT AGREEMENT WHEN BANK CANNOT LEND DIRECTLY TO IMPLEMENTING ENTITY RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION,4,LA TABLE OF CONTENTS,ART I : GENERAL CONDITIONS; DEFINITIONS ART II : THE LOAN ART III : EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT ART IV : FINANCIAL COVENANTS ART
3、 V : REMEDIES OF THE BANK ART VI : EFFECTIVE DATE; TERMINATION ART VII: REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BORROWER; ADDRESSES PLUS SEVERAL ATTACHMENTS (SCHEDULES),5,PROCUREMENT RELEVANT POINTS IN LA,ART I - GENERAL CONDITIONS; DEFINITIONS: REFERENCE TO THE BANKS “GENERAL CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO LOAN AND GUARAN
4、TEE AGREEMENTS” DEFINITION OF IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES AND ALL TERMS USED IN LA ART II - THE LOAN: LOAN AMOUNT WITHDRAWAL FROM THE LOAN FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSE CLOSING DATE,6,PROCUREMENT RELEVANT POINTS IN LA,ART III - EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT: BORROWER TO CARRY OUT PROJECT WITH “DUE DILIGENCE AND EFFICIE
5、NCY” REFERENCE TO “IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM,” SCHEDULE 5 REFERENCE TO PROCUREMENT PROVISIONS IN SCHEDULE 4 ART IV - FINANCIAL COVENANTS: BORROWER TO MAINTAIN RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS ANNUAL AUDIT REPORTS STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES (SOEs),7,PROCUREMENT RELEVANT POINTS IN LA,ART V - REMEDIES OF THE BANK: EVE
6、NTS FOR LOAN SUSPENSION CANCELLATION ART VI - EFFECTIVE DATE; TERMINATION: LA EFFECTIVENESS CONDITIONS TERMINATION OF LA FOR FAILURE TO BECOME EFFECTIVE WITHIN STIPULATED PERIOD ART VII - REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BORROWER; ADDRESSES MINISTER OF FINANCE NORMALLY DESIGNATED,8,TYPICAL LA SCHEDULES,1. WITH
7、DRAWAL OF THE PROCEEDS OF THE LOAN (“DISBURSEMENT SCHEDULE”) 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3. INTEREST AND PRINCIPAL REPAYMENT PROVISIONS 4. PROCUREMENT AND CONSULTING SERVICES (“PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE”) 5. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 6. SPECIAL ACCOUNT,9,PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE,TWO SECTIONS: SECTION I - PROC
8、UREMENT OF GOODS AND WORKS PART A: GENERAL PART B: INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING PART C: OTHER PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES PART D: REVIEW BY THE BANK OF PROCUREMENT DECISIONS,10,PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE CONT.,SECTION II - EMPLOYMENT OF CONSULTANTS PART A: GENERAL PART B: QUALITY- AND COST-BASED SELECTION
9、 PART C: OTHER PROCEDURES FOR THE SELECTION OF CONSULTANTS PART D: REVIEW BY THE BANK OF THE SELECTION OF CONSULTANTS,11,OTHER PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS,PAD, ANNEX 6, PROCUREMENT AND DISBURSEMENT ARRANGEMENTS PROCUREMENT PLAN, INCLUDING CONTRACT PACKAGES, PROCUREMENT STEPS, AND BAR CHART PROCUREMENT CAP
10、ACITY ASSESSMENT, INCLUDING RISK EVALUATION AND ACTION PROGRAM FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING GENERAL PROCUREMENT NOTICE,12,MODULE 2 PROCUREMENT POLICIES,13,PROCUREMENT POLICY,CONSIDERATIONS THAT GUIDE WORLD BANK PROCUREMENT POLICIES: NEED FOR ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY GIVE ALL ELIGIBLE BIDDERS OPPORTUNITY TO C
11、OMPETE ENCOURAGE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL INDUSTRIES IN BORROWING COUNTRY IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPARENCY IN THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS,14,PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES,ACCUMULATED EXPERIENCE OF WORLD BANK AND IDA GENERALLY GOOD PRACTICE, NOT SPECIAL FOR BANK-FINANCED PROJECTS INCORPORATED IN LOAN/CREDIT AGREEMENT,$,W
12、ORLD BANK,15,GUIDELINES CONTINUED,THREE SECTIONS: I. GENERALPOLICY APPLICABILITY II. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING III. OTHER METHODS OF PROCUREMENT FOUR APPENDIXES 1. BANK REVIEW PROCESS 2. DOMESTIC PREFERENCES 3. DISBURSEMENTS 4. GUIDANCE TO BIDDERS,16,GUIDELINES CONTINUED,GOODS AND WORKS FINA
13、NCED BY THE BANKUS$25 BILLION PER YEAR 40,000 CONTRACTS EACH YEAR IN TOTAL MODEL FOR OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: IADB, ADB, AfDB, EBRD AND OTHERS,17,GUIDELINES CONTINUED,EVOLUTION OF THE GUIDELINES 1951: INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING (ICB) INTRODUCED NO MEMBERSHIP RESTRICTIONS 1956: ONLY FROM
14、MEMBER COUNTRIES (AND SWITZERLAND) 1961: FIRST GUIDELINES FOR BANK STAFF 1964: FORMAL GUIDELINES PUBLISHED 1965: DOMESTIC PREFERENCE FOR GOODS 1972: REGIONAL PREFERENCE INTRODUCED 1974: DOMESTIC PREFERENCE FOR WORKS 1975: OTHER METHODS (NCB, LIB, ETC.) 1985: MAJ0R REVIEW BY THE BOARD 1995: LAST MAJ0
15、R REVIEW BY THE BOARD,18,APPLICABILITY OF GUIDELINES,FOR CONTRACTS NOT FINANCED BY THE BANK (BUT PART OF PROJECT) OTHER PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES MAY BE USED PROVIDED GOODS AND WORKS TO BE PROCURED: ARE OF SATISFACTORY QUALITY AND COMPATIBLE WITH THE BALANCE OF THE PROJECT WILL BE DELIVERED AND COMPLET
16、ED IN A TIMELY MANNER ARE PRICED SO AS NOT TO AFFECT ADVERSELY THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT,19,ELIGIBILITY,NATIONALS OF BANK MEMBER COUNTRIES, EXCEPT: COUNTRY LAW PROHIBITS COMMERCIAL RELATIONS COMPLIANCE WITH UN SECURITY COUNCIL SANCTIONS PROHIBITS IMPORTS FROM THE COUNTRY CO
17、NSULTING FIRMS HAVING PROVIDED SERVICES FOR PROJECT PREPARATION OR IMPLEMENTATION PUBLIC SECTOR FIRMS, UNLESS THEY ARE FINANCIALLY AUTONOMOUS AND OPERATE UNDER COMMERCIAL LAW DEBARRED FIRMS FOUND GUILTY OF FRAUD OR CORRUPTION,20,SOURCES OF COFINANCING,MULTILATERAL BANKS BILATERAL AGENCIES EXPORT CRE
18、DIT AGENCIES COMMERCIAL BANKS PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTORS,21,COFINANCING (CONT.),JOINT FINANCING BANK PROCUREMENT RULES BANK SOMETIMES ADMINISTER INFREQUENTLY USED PARALLEL FINANCING SPECIFIC PROCUREMENT RULES APPLY FOR EACH FINANCIER CONTRACTS FINANCED UNDER SEPARATE LOAN AGREEMENTS FREQUENTLY USED,22
19、,CONSULTING GUIDELINES,FIVE SECTIONS: I. INTRODUCTION GENERAL, POLICY, APPLICABILITY, CONFLICT OF INTEREST, ELIGIBILITY, FRAUD AND CORRUPTION II. QUALITY- AND COST-BASED SELECTION (QCBS) III. OTHER METHODS OF SELECTION IV. TYPES OF CONTRACTS AND IMPORTANT PROVISIONS V. SELECTION OF INDIVIDUAL CONSUL
20、TANTS,23,CONSULTING GUIDELINES CONT.,FOUR APPENDIXES: 1. BANKS REVIEW PROCESS 2. INFORMATION TO CONSULTANTS (ITC) 3. DISBURSEMENTS 4. GUIDANCE TO CONSULTANTS,24,MODULE 3 PROCUREMENT PROCESS,25,THE PROJECT CYCLE,IDENTIFICATION,PREPARATION,APPRAISAL,NEGOTIATIONS,BOARD PRESENTATION,IMPLEMENTATION,EVALU
21、ATION,26,MODULE 4 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES,27,ROLES IN PROCUREMENT PROCESS,WORLD BANK,BORROWER,SUPPLIER CONTRACTOR CONSULTANT,LOAN/CREDIT AGREEMENT,PREQUALIFICATION DOCUMENTS BIDDING DOCUMENTS REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS BIDS FOR GOODS AND WORKS PRPOSALS FOR CONSULTING SERVICES CONTRACT(S),COMPLAINTS (G
22、L APP. 4),28,RESPONSIBILITIES OF BANK,ASSISTS IN PROCUREMENT PLANNING ACTIVITIES REVIEWS NOTIFICATION AND ADVERTIZINGENSURES THAT THE PROCESS IS CONSISTENT WITH LOAN AGREEMENT AND GUIDELINES REVIEWS PROCUREMENT ACTIONS TO ENSURE THAT THEY COVER GOODS, WORKS, SERVICES, AND CONSULTANCIES FOR WHICH FUN
23、DS ARE BEING PROVIDED UNDER THE PROJECT,29,RESPONSIBILITIES OF BANK CONTINUED,REVIEWS REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS AND SHORTLISTS OF CONSULTANTS REVIEWS PREQUALIFICATION AND BIDDING DOCUMENTS REVIEWS BID AND PROPOSAL EVALUATION REPORTS REVIEWS CONTRACTS VERIFIES WITHDRAWAL APPLICATIONS BEFORE LOAN DISBURSE
24、MENTS REVIEWS CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS,30,RESPONSIBILITIES OF BORROWER,APPOINTS PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT (USUALLY) TO EXECUTE THE PROJECT PERFORMS PLANNING ACTIVITIES NOTIFIES POTENTIAL BIDDERS OF BIDDING OPPORTUNITIES PREPARES PREQUALIFICATION, BIDDING DOCUMENTS, AND REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS RECEIVES
25、 AND EVALUATES BIDS AND PROPOSALS AWARDS CONTRACTS IMPLEMENTS CONTRACTS,31,RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTOR,OBTAINS THE BIDDING DOCUMENTS SUBMIT BIDS AND PROPOSALS IN ACCORDANCE WITH REQUIRED DOCUMENTS SUPPLIES GOODS OR CONSTRUCTS WORKS ACCORDING TO THE CONTRACT PROVIDES THE SERVICES OR CONSULTING SER
26、VICES ACCORDING TO THE CONTRACT,32,MODULE 5 SELECTION OF CONSULTANTS,33,TWO TYPES OF PROCUREMENT,GOODS AND WORKS. PRODUCT BASED OPEN COMPETITION PRICE IS THE MAJOR CRITERIONPUBLIC OPENING OF BIDS,CONSULTING SERVICES KNOWLEDGE BASED SHORTLISTS PRICE PLAYS MINOR ROLE NON-PUBLIC OPENING OF TECHNICAL PR
27、OPOSAL PUBLIC OPENING OF FINANCIAL PROPOSALS,34,TWO TYPES OF PROCUREMENT (CONT.),GOODS AND WORKS DETAILED SPECIFICATIONSSINGLE STAGE PROCEDURE NORMALLY NEGOTIATIONS ONLY EXCEPTIONALLY,CONSULTING SERVICES TERMS OF REFERENCE (GENERAL WORK PROGRAM) TWO-STAGE PROCEDURENEGOTIATIONS NORMALLY,35,OBJECTIVES
28、 OF SELECTION,OBTAIN HIGH QUALITY SERVICE ENSURE ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY PROVIDE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR QUALIFIED CONSULTANTS ENCOURAGE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CONSULTING CAPABILITIES TRANSPARENCY IN THE SELECTION PROCESS,36,TYPES OF CONSULTING SERVICES,PRE-INVESTMENT PROJECT PREPARATION IMPLEMENTATION T
29、ECHNICAL ASSISTANCE,37,PRE-INVESTMENT,COUNTRY AND SECTOR STUDIES FEASIBILITY STUDIES,38,PROJECT PREPARATION,DETAILED STUDIES DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS PREPARATION OF BIDDING DOCUMENTS,39,IMPLEMENTATION,PROCUREMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION AND INSPECTION INFORMATION SYSTEMS ACCOUNTING AND AUDI
30、TING,40,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE,ADVISORY SERVICES INSTITUTION & MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS CAPACITY BUILDING STUDIES TRAINING,41,TYPES OF CONSULTANTS,PRIVATE SECTOR INDIVIDUAL PARTNERSHIP LIMITED LIABILITY (CORPORATION) JOINT VENTURE PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT-OWNED GOVERNMENT-SUBSIDIZED OTHER,42,OTHER TYPES OF
31、 CONSULTANTS,UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH INSTITUTES UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS (NGO) DIVISIONS/AFFILIATES OF MANUFACTURERS/CONTRACTORS/UTILITIES,43,OTHER TYPES OF CONSULTANTS CONT.,PROCUREMENT AGENTS INSPECTION AGENTS BANKS AUDITORS SERVICE DELIVERY CONTRACTORS,44,TYPES OF CONTRA
32、CTS,LUMP-SUM SIMPLE PLANNING AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES, ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, ETC. CONTENTS, DURATION, AND OUTPUT CLEARLY DEFINED. PAYMENTS LINKED TO OUTPUTS ONLY. TIME-BASEDPLANNING, FEASIBILITY STUDIES, DETAILED ENGINEERING, SUPERVISION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE. PAYMENTS LINKED TO INPUTS, AGREED STAFF
33、 RATES AND REIMBURSABLE ITEMS. WORLD BANK HAS ISSUED STANDARD FORMS OF CONTRACT FOR THESE TWO TYPES OF CONTRACTS.,45,TYPES OF CONTRACTS CONT.,SUCCESS FEE CONTRACTS CONSULTANTS (BANKS OR FINANCIAL FIRMS) FOR PRIVATIZATION OPERATIONS; PREPARES COMPANIES FOR SALE OR MERGERS OF FIRMS; RETAINER AND SUCCE
34、SS FEE (AS A PERCENTAGE OF SALE PRICE OF THE ASSETS) PERCENTAGE CONTRACTS ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES, AND PROCUREMENT AND INSPECTION AGENTS. SIMILAR TO LUMP-SUM CONTRACTS, NO MATCHING OF INPUTS TO PAYMENTS, OPEN-ENDED, NOT RECOMMENDED EXCEPT IF BASED ON PERCENTAGE OF FIXED TARGET COST,46,TYPES OF CONTRA
35、CTS CONT.,INDEFINITE DELIVERY CONTRACTS SPECIALIZED SERVICES “ON CALL,” TO RETAIN ADVISERS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLEX PROJECTS (DAM PANEL, ADJUDICATORS, PROCUREMENT ADVICE, TECHNICAL TROUBLESHOOTING); AGREED UNIT RATES FOR EXPERTS WITH PAYMENTS BASED ON TIME ACTUALLY USED,47,FINANCING OF CONSULTA
36、NTS,WORLD BANK INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND ONGOING LOANS/CREDITS (PIGGY-BACK) RETROACTIVE FINANCING PROJECT PREPARATION FACILITY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE LOAN ADMINISTRATIVE BUDGET,48,FINANCING CONT.,OTHER SOURCES UNDP (WORLD BANK EXECUTED) BILATERAL/MULTILATERAL SOURCES JAPANS POLICY AND HUMAN RESOU
37、RCES DEVELOPMENT FUND TRUST FUNDS (WORLD BANK EXECUTED) GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY,49,SELECTION METHODS,QUALITY- AND COST-BASED SELECTION (QCBS) PREFERRED METHOD, SIMILAR TO ICB FOR GOODS AND WORKS. TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL PROPOSALS IN SEPARATE ENVELOPES. FINANCIAL PROPOSALS SHALL REMAIN SEALED WIT
38、H INDEPENDENT AUTHORITY TECHNICAL EVALUATION (QUALITY) FIRST (BANK NO OBJECTION MANDATORY) PUBLIC OPENING OF FINANCIAL PROPOSALS COMBINED EVALUATION BASED ON WEIGTHED FORMULA,50,SELECTION METHODS cont.,QUALITY BASED SELECTION (QBS) TECHNICAL PROPOSAL ONLY OR BOTH IN SEPARATE ENVELOPES TECHNICAL EVAL
39、UATION (QUALITY) FINANCIAL EVALUATION ONLY OF FIRM WITH HIGHEST TECHNICAL SCORE,51,SELECTION METHODS cont.,SELECTION UNDER FIXED BUDGET (SFB) FINANCIAL PROPOSALS TO BE WITHIN SPECIFIED FIXED BUDGET TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL PROPOSALS IN TWO SEPARATE ENVELOPES TECHNICAL EVALUATION (QUALITY) FIRST (BANK
40、 NO OBJECTION MANDATORY) PUBLIC OPENING OF FINANCIAL PROPOSALS REJECTION OF PROPOSALS EXCEEDING FIXED BUDGET HIGHEST RATED TECHNICAL PROPOSAL (WITHIN FIXED BUDGET) SELECTED,52,SELECTION METHODS cont.,LEAST COST SELECTION (LCS) SMALL ASSIGNMENTS ONLY ($200,000) TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL PROPOSALS IN TW
41、O SEPARATE ENVELOPES TECHNICAL PROPOSALS MUST ACHIEVE SPECIFIC MINIMUM SCORE OR THEY ARE REJECTED FINANCIAL PROPOSALS OF SUCCESSFUL FIRMS OPENED IN PUBLIC LOWEST PRICE PROPOSAL SELECTED,53,SELECTION METHODS cont.,SELECTION BASED ON CONSULTANTS QUALIFICATIONS (SBCQ) VERY SMALL ASSIGNMENTS ONLY ($100,
42、000) REQUEST FOR EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST EVALUATION OF EACH FIRMS EXPERIENCE AND COMPETENCE SELECTION OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE FIRM SELECTED FIRM TO SUBMIT TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL PROPOSAL,54,SELECTION METHODS cont.,SINGLE SOURCE SELECTION (SSS) NATURAL CONTINUATION OF PREVIOUS WORK BY FIRM RAPID SEL
43、ECTION ESSENTIAL VERY SMALL ASSIGNMENT ($100,000) FIRM HAS UNIQUE QUALIFICATIONS OR EXPERIENCE OF EXCEPTIONAL WORTH BANK REVIEWS/APPROVES SOLE-SOURCE REQUEST BORROWER SOLICITS TECHNICAL/FINANCIAL PROPOSAL,55,COMPETITIVE SELECTION,CONSIDERATIONS COMPLEXITY ASSIGNMENT IMPACT COMPARABILITY COMPETITION
44、ON QUALITY (QBS) TECHNICAL EVALUATION ONLY NEGOTIATIONS ON PRICE PRICE AS A FACTOR,56,COMPETITIVE SELECTION CONTINUED,PRICE AS A FACTOR (QCBS, FIXED BUDGET, LEAST COST) TECHNICAL EVALUATION F IRST PRICE AS A FACTOR SECOND NEGOTIATIONS LIMITED TO INPUTS (FROM CONSULTANTS AND CLIENT),57,SELECTION STEP
45、S,1. PREPARE TERMS OF REFERENCE 2. ESTIMATE COST (BUDGET) 3. ADVERTIZE FOR EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST ($200,000) 4. PREPARE SHORTLIST 5. DETERMINE/CONFIRM SELECTION PROCEDURE,58,SELECTION STEPS CONT.,6. PREPARE AND ISSUE REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS, INCLUDING LETTER OF INVITATION (LOI) EVALUATION CRITERIA PR
46、OPOSED CONTRACT7. EVALUATE TECHNICAL PROPOSALS 8. OBTAIN BANKS NO OBJECTION IF REQUIRED (PRIOR REVIEW)9. OPEN AND EVALUATE FINANCIAL PROPOSALS,59,SELECTION STEPS CONT.,10. OBTAIN BANKS NO OBJECTION TO COMBINED EVALUATION 11. NEGOTIATE AND SIGN CONTRACT 12. NOTIFY UNSUCCESSFUL FIRMS,60,SHORTLIST PREP
47、ARATION,SOURCES EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST BORROWERS KNOWLEDGE/EXPERIENCE TRADE REPRESENTATIVES PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS BANK REFERENCES THROUGH DACON SYSTEM EXCEPTIONALLY, BANK WILL PROVIDE SHORTLIST OR LONG LIST,61,SHORTLIST PREPARATION CONT.,MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS: FROM THREE TO SIX FIRMS NO MORE T
48、HAN TWO FIRMS FROM ONE COUNTRY AT LEAST ONE FIRM FROM A DEVELOPING COUNTRY (IF AVAILABLE) MAY COMPRISE ONLY NATIONAL CONSULTANTS (SMALL ASSIGNMENTS),62,REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL,CONTENTS LETTER OF INVITATION INFORMATION TO CONSULTANTS (INCLUDING DATA SHEET) STANDARD FORMS TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) PROPOSE
49、D CONTRACT,63,TECHNICAL EVALUATION,GENERAL AND SPECIFIC EXPERIENCE OF FIRM (5 - 10%) METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH (20 - 50%) QUALIFICATIONS OF KEY STAFF (30 - 60%) TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE (0-10%) PARTICIPATION BY NATIONALS (0-10%) TOTAL OF POINTS MUST EQUAL 100,64,TECHNICAL EVALUATION CONT.,GENERAL AND SPECIFIC EXPERIENCE OF FIRM (5 - 10%) RELEVANT ASSIGNMENTS SIMILAR SIZE COMPLEXITY TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT,65,TECHNICAL EVALUATION CONT.,METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH (20 - 50%) SCHEDULES RESPONSIVENESS TO TOR LOGISTICS SKILLS TRANSFER BACKSTOPPING INNOVATIVENESS,
