1、Bridging or Terminal CO,Terminal CO bonding at 2021.5 cm-1 and 1975.7 cm-1 also, because of very small symmetry differences between carbon monoxides.,Terminal CO bond1887 cm-1 Bridging CO bond at 1770 cm-1,Bonding in TM Carbonyls,CO bonding-the orbital picture,10 valence electrons C (4), O(6),C,O,HO
2、MO,A cartoon of M-CO bonding.,The HOMO in carbon monoxide is the high energy NB which is primarily derived from a carbon 2p orbital. This means a lone pair of electrons is residing on the C atom. The LUMO on CO is the *2p which are antibonding orbitals with significant 2p character. CO acts as a Lew
3、is Base and a Lewis Acid.The back bond appearing in this systems is known as a synergistic effect.,Reactions of Metal Carbonyls.,i) Substitution of CO by other L (L is often a -acid or Soft Lewis base; L= PR3, polyolefins, SR2, CH3CN),Recall that TM carbonyls obey the 18 electron rule. This means tw
4、o things. They are inert toward substitution. Reactions must proceed via a Dissociative mechanism (via M-CO bond cleavage),This provides a basis for photochemistry:,If light of a suitable energy is supplied such that * can occur some interesting things happen.,M-CO Photochemistry,Bond Order = 1/2 (e
5、lectrons in bonding orbitals - electrons in anti-bonding orbitals),B.O.= 0 This negates the M-CO bond.,CO is photoejected!,LnM-CO18 electrons,LnM16 electrons High energy reactive intermediate.,hvslow - CO,Lfast,LnM L18 electrons,In theory, by filtering the excitation light it should be possible to r
6、emove only 1 CO.This is not simple given the broad nature of the UV-vis bands.,E390nm,M-CO photochemistry Examples,hv, 370nmL,3 LRu(CO)4,(L= olefin),Orange, colour arises from *(Ru-Ru) 390nm,Another example involving Fe and an 18 electron transition state,18 electrons alkyne 2e- donor,hv- CO,18 elec
7、trons alkyne 4e- donor,This intermediate is not 16e- and is stabilized by a 4e- donor alkyne. It substitutes 1013x faster than Fe(CO)5.,L,Reduction of TM Carbonyls,What will happen if electrons are added to 18e- TM carbonyls?,High energy 19 or 20 electron systems will result and CO will be ejected.
8、(This can be viewed as the two electrons taking the place of the CO or breaking M-M bonds),Fe(CO)42-,2Mn(CO)5-,2Na/Hg,2Na/Hg,These anions are of significant importance. They are nucleophiles and react further to form M-C and M-H bonds.,Mn(CO)5-,RX,A,Formation of M-H and M-C bonds,B,RCOX,The differen
9、ce between A and B is the presence of CO between M and R.,CO and heat,Empty bonding site.,This is referred to as “CO insertion” although the mechanism involves migration of R.,Mn(CO)5- + H+ H-Mn(CO)5-,Collmans Reagent,Application of “carbonylmetallates” in organic synthesis.,Na2Fe(CO)4,Disodium tetr
10、acarbonylferrate is useful in the functionalization of organic halides.,RD,RX,D+,RX,RCOCl,CO,RX,O2,O2,X2,X2,ROH,H2O,HNR2,Oxidation of TM Carbonyls,Oxidation weakens the M-CO or M-M bonds and results in CO elimination or M-M cleavage with the formation of TM carbonyl halides.,18 electrons,Special Cas
11、e. Oxidative Addition (4-coordinate Vaskas Compound 1961, 16 electron species),H2,RX,Ir(I), d8, 16e-,Ir(III), d6, 18e-,(activation of H2),Reactions of Coordinated M-CO,The attachment of CO to a TM makes the C electrophillic and may be attacked by a nucleophile),This is a carbene complex; E.O. Fische
12、r discovered this type of molecule and shared the Nobel Prize with Wilkinson.,The “(CO)5Co” structural unit acts as an electron withdrawing; It is a pseudo ester.,Trans-esterification,The Mond Process,Nickel carbonyl, a gas formed from carbon monoxide and metallic nickel.,Scientific Serendipity In 1
13、890 Ludwig Mond, was investigating the rapid corrosion of nickel valves used in apparatus for the Solvay process*, and discovered Ni(CO)4. In contrast to many nickel compounds which are usually green solids, Ni(CO)4 is a colourless, volatile, toxic liquid with a very “organic character“. He used it
14、as the basis of a method to purify nickel, called the “Mond process“.,Ni reacts with CO (leaving the impurities behind), to form Ni(CO)4.The Ni(CO)4 is passed through a tower filled with nickel pellets at a high velocity and 400 K. Pure Ni plates out on the pellets.,* A commercial process for the ma
15、nufacture of Na2CO3. NH3 and CO2 are passed into a satd NaCl(aq) solution to form soluble (NH4)(HCO3), which reacts with the NaCl to form soluble NH4Cl and solid NaHCO3 if the reactor temperature is maintained below 15C. The NaHCO3 is filtered off and heated to produce Na2CO3.,Hemoglobin and Heme,Fo
16、rmation and Reactions of TM Complexes,Very brief discussion in R-C pages 449-451.,What have we done so far?What is the structure of these compounds?(Coordination Number, Geometry, Isomerization)What holds these complexes together and how do we study them?(CFT d-orbital splitting, electronic spectros
17、copy, MO theory),But.you cant study them if you cant get themHow are they made?,Where do we start?,How about with a Co and Pt complex? Co(en)2(NO2)2+, and cis/trans platin.,This is an interesting case:We start with a Co2+ salt.what is the oxidation state of Co in the product?Why do we use the Co2+?,
18、Ligand substitution occurs more readily than with Co3+ but why?,CoCl2(aq) Co(OH2)6Cl2,2 en2NO2-,Co(en)2(NO2)2+,O2,If we change our starting material we can control stereochemistry. but why?,PtCl42- + 2NH3,cis-PtCl2(NH3)2,trans-PtCl2(NH3)2,Pt(NH3)42+ + 2Cl-,Why do these reactions occur the way they d
19、o? We are going to look at influencing factors and mechanisms.,Stable vs. Unstable Inert vs. Labile,When TM ions are dissolved in water the ions form aqua complexes.UV-Vis, NMR indicate a six-coordinate octahedral species for 1st row TMs.M(OH2)62+/3+(neutron diffraction of these species was first re
20、ported in 1984),Given that the ions are not “free” in solution, formation of TM complexes involves the replacement (substitution) of one ligand with another.,M(OH2)62+/3+ + nL MLnx+,That these reactions occur in aqueous solution is VERY important to numerous disciplines including Inorganic Chemistry
21、, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry and other applications.,TM Aqua Complexes,An IMPORTANT point about TM-aqua complexes.,Cr(OH2)63+ and Co(OH2)63+ fail to exchange with 18OH2/17OH2 after several hours.,The amount of time (residence time) the H2O ligands spends attached to
22、the TM can vary significantly from metal to metal.,Cr/Co16(OH2)63+ + large XS 18OH2/17OH2 Cr/Co18/17(OH2)63+,hours,Most other TMs exchange water rapidly.,What does this tell us about formation of TM complexes and what we need to consider?,Thermodynamics: When examining thermodynamics of a reaction we are entirely interested in the start and finish of a reaction. What is the extent of reaction? Where does the equilibrium lie? How do we investigate this?Kinetics: How fast does a reaction reach equilibrium? This relates directly to the mechanism.,Go,
