1、Budget Transparency and the role of IT in OECD countries,AIST Seminar, Washington DC, 14 October 2008 Ian Hawkesworth Administrator, Budgeting and Public Expenditures Division, Governance Directorate,1,Agenda,Obstacles to Budget TransparencyOECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency Selected key tr
2、ansparency Issues in OECD countries,2,Obstacles to Budget Transparency,Vested Interests “Information is Power”Difficult to Communicate Generally very technicalIndividual citizens dont see how it impacts them personally Parliaments not active enough in scrutinizing information,3,OECD Best Practices f
3、or Budget Transparency,Agreed in 2001 by budget directors from OECD countries Based on actual experiences of Member countries Emphasis on practical applications“Three pillars” of the Best Practices Budget reports that should be prepared Processes that should be in place to ensure their integrity Spe
4、cific disclosures that should be made,4,Budget Reports,The Budget Pre-Budget ReportMonthly Report Mid-Year Report Year-End ReportPre-Election Report Long-Term Report,5,Processes to ensure integrity,Clear and consistent accounting policiesRobust internal controls which the relevant minister is clearl
5、y responsible forIndependent Supreme Audit Institution that audits end of year report, submits it to the LegislatureParliament should have the opportunity and resources to effectively examine any fiscal reportAll best practise reports should be made public,6,Specific Disclosures,Economic Assumptions
6、 Tax Expenditures Financial Liabilities & Assets, (PPPs) Non-Financial Assets Civil Service Pension Obligations Contingent Liabilities,7,Economic Assumptions,Primary Transparency Issue Unrealistic assumptions can fundamentally derail budget policy Non-biased is keyRequired Practice Explicit disclosu
7、re of all key variables Sensitivity analysis“Second Generation” Practice Publish “track record” of own forecasts accuracy Compare current forecasts with other private forecasts Average of “blue chip” private forecasts Independent panels “Prudency” factors,8,Tax Expenditures,Preferential tax treatmen
8、t for specific activities Conceptually, difficult to measureAlternative to “normal” expenditures Less Scrutiny (Both initially and over time) Politically attractive (“Lower” reported taxes)Reform proposals Integrate with regular budget process Tax expenditures assigned to relevant spending ministry
9、Top-down expenditure caps for tax expenditures,9,Public-Private Partnerships,A gimmick or a value-for-money proposition?Value-for-money requires real risk transfer from the public sector to the private sector Construction risk, availability risk, demand risk Efficiency gains must outweigh higher fin
10、ancing costsWithout such real risk transfer, then PPPs are simply a mechanism to move projects and related financing off-budgetEstablishing effective procedures for the budgetary treatment of PPPs is a work in progress in OECD countries,10,Warning: Skye Bridge,Local councils had agreed to its constr
11、uction believing the toll would be less than 1. When the bridge opened in 1995, a crossing cost 4.50. In 2005 the PPP consortium was bought out by the government. The bridge cost 21m to build. It took more than 33m in tolls and the government had to pay a further 27m to the PPP consortium to end the
12、 contract. Another UK lesson IT-projects cannot be PPPs (since 2005),11,Civil Service Pensions Obligations,Unfunded Obligations Difference between accrued benefits arising from past service and the contributions the government has made towards those benefits Scale of liability is generally huge (act
13、uarial)OECD countries started recognizing them in the 1990s Coincided with the adoption of accruals, fully or selectively Generally very high profile events Old plans stopped for new entrants, replaced by new fully-funded programs Impact on wage negotiationsBut some countries oppose their recognitio
14、n Claim it limits possibilities for future change Pensions not viewed as an earned contractual right,12,Social Insecurity,Source: Wall Street Journal, Nov 2006 (Eurostat, Frederiksen 2001, Werding 2005, Beltrametti 1996),13,Transparency on government performance,Fundamental shift from inputs to outc
15、omes and outputs Results as basis for accountability Defining and measuring performance lags behind Coverage incomplete Frequent changes Reliability of performance information Internal Controls External Audit Use of performance information in the budget process,14,E-Government as a Prerequisite for
16、Budget Transparency?,E-Government is:“The use of information and communications technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government” OECD (2003), The e-Government Imperative Budget transparency from an e-government point of view: Availability of consistent information
17、 and data in an aggregated and a timely manner for: Information externally to the public. Information internally within the government.,15,E-Government Prerequisites for Budgetary Information and Data,Create coherency and consistency of budgetary information and data across the public sector back-of
18、fice integration and coherency: Standardise budgetary information and data. Standardise exchange interfaces and data structures for budgetary information and data. Share core budgetary information and data across the public sector avoid duplication and inconsistence. Common use and interpretation of
19、 budgetary information and data standardise management information: Share or standardise the use of management information and ensure a common agreement on interpretation of information and data to avoid discrepancies in presentation and interpretation of information and data. Share basic budgetary
20、information and data where possible following the principle: “collect once use many times”.,16,E-Government Prerequisites for an Integrated Budget Back-Office,Regulatory barriers: Avoid regulation that hinder the free flow of digitised budgetary information and data. Collaboration and co-operation:
21、Break down “stove-piped” working habits create a culture of horisontal collaboration and co-operation “whole-of-public-sector” approaches. Co-operation frameworks: Common business processes, standardisation of data, systemic coherency (“enterprise architecture”), and ICT security framework and policies (to ensure availability, accessibility authenticity).,17,For further information,OECD Journal on Budgetingwww.oecd.org/gov/budgetIan.Hawkesworthoecd.org,18,
