1、Building Accessibility Into The Workflow,Rick Ells Computing & Communications University of Washington Seattle, Washington rellscac.washington.edu http:/staff.washington.edu/rells/,Challenge,Accessible design standards are well defined Many sites do not follow accessible design standards Accessible
2、design advocates are on the outside of the process How can accessibility become part of the process?,Looking at Section 508,1194.22 Standards define 16 discrete criteria in no particular order,Decision Tree?,Basic Publication Workflow,Where does accessibility fit?,Going Beyond Retrofitting,“A common
3、 response from programmers after receiving an accessibility evaluation is that it would have been much easier to incorporate the requested changes at the beginning of the site development lifecycle. building accessibility into a site early in the development lifecycle saves time and money compared t
4、o retrofitting.” Law, Jacko, and Edwards, “Programmer-Focused Website Accessibility Evaluations,” ASSETS05 Conference, October 2005,Sorting Out The Requirements,Graphics and ColorC. All information conveyed with color is also available without colorJ. Avoid screen flicker between 2 Hz and 55 Hz Usab
5、le Design D. Documents readable without requiring associated style sheet. N. Forms should allow people using assistive technology access to information, elements, and functionality necessary to use form. O. Provide method to skip repetitive navigation links P. When a timed response is required, aler
6、t user and give sufficient time to indicate more time is needed. Other K. Provide text page with equivalent information and functionality when compliance not possible otherwise.,Alternative and Associative TextA. Text equivalent for every non-text elementG. Identify row and column headers in data ta
7、bles H. Associate data cells with header cells with markup in tables with multi-level row and column headersI. Title frames with text that facilitates identification and navigationL. When using scripting for display and interface, provide functional text that can be read with assistive technology Te
8、chnologies E. Each active region of a server-side image map shall be provided with redundant text links F. Use client-side image maps instead of server-side image maps if possible M. When page requires applet, plug-in, or application, provide link to compliant version,1194.22 For Roles,Decision Tree
9、 by Roles,Swimlanes,Writer/Editor Role,Write and gather text Text content Alternative texts for non-text objects Prepare for the Web Rewrite into “plain language” Organize into semantic structure (headings, paragraphs, lists, etc.),Web Publisher Role,Receive prepared text, graphics, alternative text
10、, and long descriptions Place content in templates Place associative attributes in tables and forms Publish,Graphics Designer Role,Develop color scheme, considering accessibility issues relating to color Provide direction to Web Designer on color issues Prepare graphics and photos for use Provide gr
11、aphics and photos to Writer/Editor for development of alternative text,Web Designer Role,Develop templates and CSS, taking accessibility into consideration Skip to content Linearity of content (works without CSS) Provide compliant support for applets Oversee selection and use of technologies used in
12、 Web site to insure accessibility Javascript, AJAX, PDF, Flash,Systematic Reuse Workflow,1194.22 for CMS,Elements and Attributes A. Text equivalent for every non-text element I. Title frames with text that facilitates identification and navigationL. When using scripting for display and interface, pr
13、ovide functional text that can be read with assistive technology N. Forms should allow people using assistive technology access to information, elements, and functionality necessary to use formTechnologies E. Each active region of a server-side image map shall be provided with redundant text links F
14、. Use client-side image maps instead of server-side image maps if possible P. When a timed response is required, alert user and give sufficient time to indicate more time is needed.,Table Structure G. Identify row and column headers in data tables H. Associate data cells with header cells with marku
15、p in tables with multi-level row and column headersTemplates and stylesheets C. All information conveyed with color is also available without color D. Documents readable without requiring associated style sheet. J. Avoid screen flicker between 2 Hz and 55 Hz O. Provide method to skip repetitive navi
16、gation links M. When page requires applet, plug-in, or application, provide link to compliant versionOther K. Provide text page with equivalent information and functionality when compliance not possible otherwise.,Content Management System,Building In Accessibility,Input,Text preparation Plain langu
17、age Semantic structure (use h-tags for main topic, subtopics, subsubtopic, etc.) Non-text elements Provide alternative text Tables Row and column headings Forms Associate form fields with descriptions of fields,Templates,Templates DOCTYPE statement Well-formed structure Standards conforming code Sta
18、ndard access keys (if any) Language declaration Skip to content link, if necessary Linearly intelligible content organization,Output,Output Valid X/HTML Meaningful title Alternatives to Javascript Navigation (previous/next links, nav links) Abbreviations and acronyms,Key Points,Prepare content into
19、semantic units before entry Require alternative and associative texts at time elements and objects are added to system Design templates for full use of alternative and associative texts, intelligible linearity, and usability Manage technology used in pages Look ahead at approaching technologies to a
20、void inadvertent accessibility blocks,Discussion,Content entry interfaces and processes need rethinking The approach of AJAX makes the need for better integration of accessibility into the design and management process imperative Javascript not as inherently structured as HTML, more care will be nec
21、essary in using it Accessibility as an add-on will no longer work,More Discussion - About Tables,Typical table entry interface Presents matrix of whole table You enter text into matrix cells Then you go back and make the cells at the top of each column and the first cells each row into headers Why n
22、ot Define columns and rows first, including heading text and scope definition, which will also define the data matrix Then enter the matrix contents This approach would define the logical structure of the table first, then put content into it. Result would be properly annotated, fully accessible tab
23、les.,References,Boiko, Bob, Content Management Bible, Hungry Minds, 2002 Law, Chris, Julie Jacko, and Paula Edwards, “Programmer-Focused Website Accessibility Evaluations,” ASSETS05 Conference, October 2005 National Center on Accessible Information Technology in Education (AccessIT) http:/www.washin
24、gton.edu/accessit/ Plain Language, http:/www.plainlanguage.gov/ Rockley, Ann, Managing Enterprise Content: A Unified Content Strategy, New Riders, 2003 Thatcher, Jim, et al, Constructing Accessible Web Sites, Glasshaus, 2002 W3C Implementation Plan for Web Accessibility, http:/www.w3.org/WAI/impl/Overview.html Selecting and Using Authoring Tools for Web Accessibility, http:/www.w3.org/WAI/impl/software.html,
