1、By Chun-Lung Lim Jay Hatcher Clay Harris,Robot Control,Definition of a Robot,Definition of a Robot According to The Robot Institute of America (1979) : “A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions f
2、or the performance of a variety of tasks.“ According to the Webster dictionary: “An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human (Webster, 1993).“,A Brief History of Robotics,Robotics history is tied to so many other technological advances
3、that today seem so trivial, we dont even think of them as robots. How did a remote-controlled boat lead to autonomous metal puppies?,Nikola Tesla,Croatian-American scientist Nikola Tesla. Invented many things, including the alternating current system.,Remote-controlled, submersible boat was acting o
4、n radio signals.,Slaves of steel,The first person to use the word robot was a playwright, Czechoslovakian writer Karel Capek first used the word robot in his satirical play, R.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robots).,Cover page of the first edition,Wartime inventions,World War II was a big catalyst in the d
5、evelopment of two important robot components: artificial sensing and autonomous control. The U.S. military created auto-control systems for mine detectors that would sit in front of a tank as it crossed enemy lines The Germans developed guided robotic bombs that were capable of correcting their traj
6、ectory.,German robot bomb found in France,Calculators and computers,John Atanassoff built the worlds first digital computer. In 1946 the University of Pennsylvania completed the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator), a massive machine made up of thousands of vacuum tubes. But these
7、devices could only handle numbers.The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) would be the first device to deal with letters.,ENIAC computer,A robot in every pot,The invention of the transistor in 1948 increased the rate of electronic growth and the possibilities seemed endless. The creation of sili
8、con microchips reinforced that growth. The seven-foot robot could smoke and play the piano.,Elecktro the smoking robot,Industrial-strength arms,1961 General Motors installed the applied telecherics system on their assembly line. The one-armed robot unloaded die casts, cooled components and delivered
9、 them to a trim press. In 1978 the PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) was introduced and quickly became the standard for commercial telecherics.,PUMA industrial robot,Early personal robots,RB5X,Hero 1,Arms in space,The Canadarm - Canadas Hand in the Sky (NASA),From breadboard to on-b
10、oard: small components were assembled and tested innumerable times before the final product was mated to the shuttle in 1981 (NASA),Surgical tools,In 1985 Dr. Yik San Kwoh invented the robot-software interface used in the first robot-aided surgery, a stereo tactic procedure. The surgery involves a s
11、mall probe that travels into the skull. A CT scanner is used to give a 3D picture of the brain, so that the robot can plot the best path to the tumor.,Dr. Yik San Kwoh with surgical robot,The Honda Humanoid,Hazardous duties,Dante II aids in the dangerous recovery of volcanic gases and samples. These
12、 robotic arms with wheels saved countless lives defusing bombs and investigating nuclear accident sites.,Telecheric robot inspects suspicious package,Solar-powered insects,Mark Tildens BEAM robots look and act like big bugs. Tilden builds simple robots out of discrete components and shies away from
13、the integrated circuits most other robots use for intelligence. Started in the early 1990s, the idea was to create inexpensive, solar-powered robots ideal for dangerous missions such as landmine detection.,A range of rovers,Sojourner, semi-autonomous robot platforms to be launched into Mars in 1996.
14、 The problem was, it could only travel short distances. In 2004, twin robot rovers caught the publics imagination again, sending back amazing images in journeys of kilometers, not meters.,Mars rover,Entertaining pets,In the late 90s there was a return to consumer-oriented robots. One of the real rob
15、otic wonders of the late 90s was AIBO the robotic dog, made by Sony Corp. By using sensor array, AIBO can autonomously navigate a room and play ball.,AIBO takes a spill,Siggraph 2005 Los Angeles,Quasi can make responses based on guest input and can recognize speech patterns, track faces, detect prox
16、imity, dispense candy and even perform a karaoke duet. Softwares includes Alias Maya, BAT and so on.,Quasi - Carnegie Mellon University,Android,My beloved. Repliee Q2,Hawk Digital System,Robot Project: Prototype Robot Exhibition 2005,Network robotics, RT middleware (9 projects),Robot with advanced a
17、uditory capabilities for human interaction Companion robot that follows individuals by multimodal interaction Multitask robot system that utilizes intelligent information infrastructure Hyperrobot that serves people by integrating single-task domestic robots Errand robot Seven-degree-of-freedom doub
18、le-arm unit and double-arm mobile robot Superdistribution and combination robot system utilizing wireless links Content-oriented robot that uses robot content Environmental robot,Experiential robots (7 projects),Robot that decorates ceramic tableware and drinkware Portrait-drawing robot Partner robo
19、t with artificial tongue Future science encyclopedia and multifingered haptic interface robot Mutual telexistence robot that utilizes retroreflective projection Robot for encountering the microscopic world Cyberassist meister robot,Outdoor skilled-work robots (7 projects),Boarding robot for roaming
20、natural landscapes Ubiquitous robot Caddy robot Search and contaminant recovery robot for response to nuclear, biological, and chemical terrorism Manually controlled heavy-duty robot to assist rescue operations Robot that searches through rubble,Special-environment robots (9 projects),Robot that eva
21、luates duct interiors by impact-elastic waves Pacemaker robot for marathons Golden Shachihoko robot Autonomous snow-plowing robot to support life in snowy regions Super-high-speed batting robot that can hit fastballs of up to 160 kph Amphibious snake-type robot Acrobatic airship robot Data gathering
22、 double-kite-type robot, humanoid robot for a comfortable lifestyle High-performance flying robot,Medical and welfare robots (10 projects),Emergency rescue robot Superdetail human body robot for medical skills training Three-dimensional visual perception and display apparatus for office, home, and m
23、edical robots, and microhand for medical and surgical use Remote microsurgery robot Six-degrees-of-freedom robot for rehabilitation of upper limbs including wrists Handicap-assistive barrier-free robot interface system with high learning ability Semiautonomous robot system for self-care by disabled
24、people Wearable robot for musclular support: Muscle suit for upper limbs Power augmentation robot Robot suit to assist human movement,Partner robots (8 projects),Canine robot as a mobile platform that exhibits high physical capabilities outdoors in urgent situations Android that interacts with peopl
25、e and nature Cooperative framework for heterogeneous robots Physical communication robot to cheer up children Robot for scenario research that is capable of authoring Next-generation communication robot Communicating heterogeneous robots Dance partner robot,Performance robots (6 projects),Six-legged
26、 walking robot that uses reinforcement learning (autonomous development of motion control) Self-configurable modular robot Artistic robot Limb mechanism robot Three-leg wheeled type robot Crawling and jumping soft robot,Humanoid robots (7 projects),Humanoid probe robot Interaction middleware for hum
27、anoid robots Software that generates impact motions for the HRP-2 robot Animatronic humanoid robot Musculoskeletal humanoid robot with a large-degree-of-freedom flexible spine Humanoid robot for research on dynamic motion Bipedal humanoid robot as a simulator of human motion,References:,http:/www.ro
28、botics.utexas.edu/rrg/learn_more/history/ http:/ http:/ http:/capek.misto.cz/obrazky/divadlo/theater.html http:/www.mlc- http:/www.honda.co.jp/robot/movie/ http:/ http:/ http:/www.ed.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/development/Humanoid/ReplieeQ2/ReplieeQ2_eng.htm http:/ http:/www.expo2005.or.jp/en/robot/robot_project_02.html Paper : Generating Natural Motion in an Android by Mapping Human Motion,
