1、CDM Potential in Animal Manure Management and Estimation of Emission Reduction,April 9, 2007 Training for Carbon Finance Unit Flora Tao, Zijun Li, Zarina Azizova,Agenda,Potential AMMS CDM projects Applicable methodologies Rule-of-thumb for estimation of ER Key parameters to estimate ER Monitoring of
2、 AMMS Other issues related to large scale biogas plant,Potential AMMS CDM Project,Animal manure: methane and N2O emissions,Baseline: Manure storage methods: Solid, dry, liquid, pits, deep litter, open anaerobic lagoon,Project Scenario: Manure treatment system: Anaerobic treatment with methane recove
3、ry/utilization Combustion of manure Aerobic treatment,Transitions between these alternatives can reduce methane and N2O emissions.,Potential of carbon finance in AMMS project activities (cont),Biogas digester and power generation Minhe Chicken farms Biogas co-generation system project, ChinaCovered
4、lagoons + flaring with or without utilization of biogas Methane Recovery and Utilization Project, Mexico Combustion of chicken litter with or without power generation3 MW Poultry Litter Fueled Power Project, India,Case Study: Minhe Poultry Mature Biogas Project,Minhe Poultry Mature Biogas Project,To
5、tal chicken population: 3.6 million broiler and 1.4 million breederDaily fresh manure 500 tons with 20% of Total solidWaste water of 1000 ton from flushing the chicken barnCurrent practice of manure management: uncovered lagoonProposed project: Anaerobic Digester + Co-generationTotal Investment: 40.
6、7 million RMBO&M Cost: 5.5 million RMBRevenue w/o carbon: 7.6 million Revenue w/ carbon: 14.2 million,Combustion of poultry litter for power generation,Baseline: poultry litter disposed of in a landfill CDM Project: combustion of poultry litter to produce electricity and to avoid methane production.
7、 Manure should be dry ! Applicable methodology: AMS.III.E Costs: Installed costs per MW is in the range of 1.5 to 3 Mln USD. Rules of thumb: The poultry farm produces 100 tons of dry poultry litter per day which sustains 3MW power plant and reduces 65,000 tons of CERy (45k from metahne avoidance and
8、 20k from electricity displacement).,Methane recovery from covered lagoons,Baseline: open anaerobic lagoon CDM project: lined covered lagoon with HDPE geomembrane Applicable methodologies: ACM10 & AMS.III.D Installed costs: USD 150,000 (without power generator) Operational costs: USD 2500 Number of
9、heads: 73,000 swine Estimated ERs: 61k tons of CO2e per annum,Applicable approved methodologies,ACM0010 - GHG emission reductions from manure management systemsFor project with emission reductions below 60kt CO2e/yAMS.III.D methane recovery in agricultural and agro industrial activities AMS III.E av
10、oidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled combustion,Rule of Thumb for ER Estimation (Annual Average Temperature = 10 C) ECH4,y = GWPCH4,y * DCH4 * MCFj * Bo,LT * N * VSLT,y * MS%Bl,j,Important factors to consider,Existing manure treatment system on livestock farms Methane
11、Conversion Factor (MCF)Pasture 1%-2%Daily spread 0.1%-1.0%Solid storage 2%-5%Dry lot 1%-2%Liquid/slurry 17%-80%Uncovered anaerobic lagoon (depth=1m2) 66%-80%Pit storage under animal confinements 17%-80%Anaerobic digester 0%-100%Aerobic treatment 0%,Important factors to consider (cont.),Climate: Annu
12、al average temperature in the baseline site should be higher than 5 CDepth of open lagoons in the baseline scenario: = 1 m2. The size of lagoon should be large enough to store at least one month output of manure.Livestock species: ACM0010 livestock definition: cattle, buffalo, swine, sheep, goats, a
13、nd poultryFarms livestock capacity:a. Static populationb. Growing population: AAP = Days_alive * NAPA/365AAP = annual average populationNAPA = number of animals produced annually,Animal,Population,(Layer, Broiler),Anaerobic,Digester System,Power,generation,system,Aerobic,lagoon,Project Boundary,Biog
14、as CH,4,Con.,Biogas flow,Rate 2,VS. N Con.,Sludge flow rate 5,Operation hours,Electricity,Meter 2,Electricity,Meter 3,Monitoring Plan,Grid,Electricity,Meter 1,by Grid,Company,Electricity,Consumption,Meter 4,Land,application,Biogas flow,Rate 1,VS. N. Con.,Effluent flow rate 2,VS. N Con.,Effluent flow
15、 rate 4,Gas tank,VS. N. Con.,Effluent flow rate3,VS. N. con,Manure flow rate 1,Flaring Tower,Other issues and benefits,Issues: If arsenic is added to the feedstock, ensure that the level of arsenic or other heavy metals in the feedstock are within permissible limits Measure the arsenic content of sl
16、urry/compost before land applicationBenefits: Source for renewable energy Improved quality of fertilizer reduce the burn effect and improve the plant tolerance, balanced P and K in slurry, reduce the germination ability of weed seeds) Environmental benefit reduced nitrate leaching, reduced odour pro
17、blems, hygienize liquid manure, avoid costs for connection to a central sewer,Other issues on large scale biogas plant feasibility and operations,Economic Feasibility Economic value of biogas: access to grid and tariff for the electricity generated from biogas or fuel cost saving for heating/cooking
18、 Market value for biogas residue as organic fertilizer for land application Transportation distance in case of centralized biogas plants Security of long-term supply of mature,Main Features of modern biogas plant Handling mixed slurry with maximum 8-10 % TS including straw bedding and the like in th
19、e input With adequate mixing inside to prevent floating layer build up, to control sand/sediments from building up and to ensure full mix Adequate insulation and reliable and accurate temperature control, Corrosion resistant and gas-proof top construction (that stays gas-proof), Safety measures to p
20、rotect from damage from pumping errors and gas over or under pressures.Resources of large scale biogas plant technology Biogas plant planning guideline, good practice of management of AD Residues http:/www.biogasbranchen.dk/view.asp?ID=1132 Large scale manure based biogas plants in Denmark Configura
21、tion and operational experience IRIS under folder CFU-Lesson learned,Other issues on large scale biogas plant feasibility and operations,Thank you,ANNEX I : Key factors determining methane emissions,Bo, LT (m3 CH4 /kg_dm)Maximum methane production potential of animal type LT. MCF (methane conversion
22、 factor) Percentage of feed energy converted to methane. A system-specific index reflecting the portion of Bo that is achieved.,Key factors determining methane emissions (cont.),VS value: (kg-dm/day) volatile solid for livestock LT entering all AWMS.VS influences CH4 content in the manure. Category
23、of animal North America Western Europe Eastern EuropeDairy cattle 5.4 5.1 4.5Market Swine 0.27 0.3 0.3Breeding swine 0.5 0.46 0.5Poultry (Broilers) 0.01 0.01 0.01Other chickens 0.02 0.02 0.02Ducks 0.02 0.02 0.02To measure the country-specific VS values, countries should estimate dietary intake of li
24、vestock.,Key factors determining N2O emissions,Direct N2O emission Annual N excretion rates (Tier 1) Nex(T ) = Nrate(T)(TAM/1000)*365 NEXrate,default (kgN/1000kg weight/day)Daily average nitrogen excretion per 1000kg animal,Key factors determining N2O emissions (cont.),TAM (kg)Typical animal mass fo
25、r livestock categoryCategory of animal North America Western Europe Eastern EuropeDairy cattle 604 600 550Market Swine 46 50 50Breeding swine 198 198 180Poultry (Broilers) 0.9 0.9 0.9Other chickens 1.8 1.8 1.8Ducks 2.7 2.7 2.7IPCCNintake method (Tier 2)NEX = Nintake * (1-Nretention)the amount of dry
26、 matter intake by livestock should be monitored,Direct emission factor for N2O-N emissions(kg N2O-N/kg N)Management System Default EF for direct N2O emissionLiquid/Slurry 0.005Uncovered anaerobic lagoon 0Anaerobic digester 0Pit storage below animal confinement 0.002Aerobic treatment 0.01IPCCEN2O,D =
27、GWPN2O*CFN2O-N,N/1000*EFN2O,D,j *NEX*N* MS%,Key factors determining N2O emissions,Indirect N2O emissions (N2O emissions due to volatilization from manure management) Fgasm Fraction of managed manure that volatilizesCategory of animal Anaerobic lagoon Pit storage Dairy cattle 35% (20%-80%) 28% (10%-4
28、0%)Swine 40% (25%-75%) 25% (15%-30%) Poultry 40% (25%-75%) -IPCC,Key factors determining N2O emissions (cont.),EFN2O,ID (kg N20-N/kg NH3-N and NOx-N)Indirect emission factor for N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on soils and water surfaces = IPCC defualt volatilisation factors fo
29、r indirect soil N2O emissions: 0.010EN2O,ID,Y =GWPN2O*CFN2O-N,N /1000*EFN2O,ID* Fgasm *NEX*N* MS%,Key factors determining N2O emissions (cont.),Leakage from manure projects,Major leakage from manure projects: Methane and N2O emissions due to disposal/land application of the treated manure to the env
30、ironment.Methane leakage LECH4 = GWPCH4 * DCH4 * MCF * (1-Rvs,n) * Bo * NLT * VSLT * MS%Rvs,n For subsequent treatment stages, Rvs,n is the relative reduction of volatile solids from the previous stage.,N2O leakageLEN2O = LEN2O,land + LEN2O,runoff + LEN20,vol* LEN2O,runoff= EF5 * Fleach * (1-RN,n) * NEXLT * NLTEF5 (0.0075) and Fleach (0.3) are affected by the amount of precipitation in the field.,Leakage from manure projects (cont.),
