1、CHANGING ROLES OF THE MILITARY,ASSIGNMENTS,Smith, Democracy, ch. 3Modern Latin America, ch. 13,PARENTHESIS: PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL RATINGS (2010),Ricardo Martinelli (Panama) 91% Mauricio Funes (El Salvador) 84 Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (Brazil) 83 Michelle Bachelet (Chile) 81lvaro Uribe (Colombia) 64
2、 Tabar Vsquez (Uruguay) 61 Evo Morales (Bolivia) 60 Felipe Caldern (Mexico) 55,RATINGS (cont.),Fernando Lugo (Paraguay) 50% Barack Obama (USA) 48 lvaro Colom (Guatemala) 46 Oscar Arias (Costa Rica) 44 Rafael Correa (Ecuador) 42 Stephen Harper (Canada) 32 Alan Garca (Peru) 29 Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua
3、) 25 Cristina F. de Kirchner (Argentina) 19,OUTLINE,Questions Historical Perspective Self-Assumed Roles Missions and Coups Types of Military Regimes Approval Ratings Reflections on Central America Impacts of 9/11?,QUESTIONS,What roles for the military in democratic (or democratizing) settings? What
4、level (or type) of political power? Why accept any reduction in political influence? Issue: not necessarily coups, but civilian-military relations,ARMED FORCES OVER TIME,Wars of independence (1810-1825) One element in triangle of powerchurch, economic elite, and military Path to upward mobility and
5、political influence Duty: maintenance of internal order Impact of professionalization? Saber-rattling against neighboring countries, but without real war (especially in 20th century),Military Folklore: Forging FatherlandsPatterns of ParticipationIncidence of CoupsMissions and RegimesWars against Sub
6、versionThe Democrats Dilemma: To Amnesty or Not?ArgentinaChile,Military Regimes: Key FactorsPower structure: personalistic or collegial?Institutional role of military in decision-makingIdeological orientationSocial base of civilian support,Types of Authoritarian Regime _Power Structure_Personalist I
7、nstitutionalized Leadership _ Traditional Caudillo or Collective Junta or Military “Man on Horseback” Bureaucratic-AuthoritarianRegimeTechnocratic State, One-Party State or Civilian Delegative Semi-Democracy, Corporatist Regimeor Sultanistic Despotism,Prominent Military Regimes in Latin AmericaRefor
8、mist/Inclusionary:Argentina 1946-55 judgment call here Ecuador 1963-66, 1972-78 Peru 1968-80Reactionary/Exclusionary:Argentina 1966-73, 1976-83 Brazil 1964-85 Chile 1973-1989 Guatemala 1963-85 Uruguay 1973-84,Modes of Interaction: The Armed Forces and DemocracyMilitary control: political subordinati
9、on of nominally civilian governments to effective military controlMilitary tutelage: participation of armed forces in general policy processes and military oversight of civilian authoritiesConditional military subordination: abstention by the armed forces from overt intervention in political questio
10、ns, while reserving the “right” to intervene in the name of national interests and securityCivilian control: subordination of armed forces in political and policy terms to civilian authorities, usually including a civilian minister of defense,Patterns of Civil-Military Relations, ca. 2000,Military C
11、ontrol (N=0) None (maybe Guatemala)Military Tutelage (N=4) Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, VenezuelaConditional Military Subordination (N=9) Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, PeruCivilian Control (N=6) Argentina, Costa Rica, Haiti, Mexico, Panama,
12、Uruguay,Levels of Trust in the Military, ca. 2000:Ecuador 60% Venezuela 54 Brazil 53 Chile 46 Uruguay 44 Central America 26Note: “A lot” + “some”,IMPACTS OF 9/11?,Involvement in war on drugs, and now Emphasis on internal security Police functions Focus on borders From anti-subversion to anti-terrorism Renewal of U.S. support?,
