1、Chapter 1.1 A Brief History of Video Games,CS 4455,2,The First Video Games,William Higginbotham and Tennis for Two Created in 1958 for the Brookhaven National Laboratorys annual visitor day Display was an oscilloscope Sound effects were a side-effect of the relays that made the game run No one reali
2、zed its significance http:/www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/higinbotham.asp,CS 4455,3,The First Video Games,Steve Russell and Spacewar Created in 1961 at MIT for the DEC PDP-1 computer Hugely popular within MIT Required prohibitively expensive equipment Eventually shipped as a diagnostic program with PDP-
3、1s http:/lcs.www.media.mit.edu/groups/el/projects/spacewar/,CS 4455,4,Games for the Masses,The Advent of Home Video Games: Ralph Baer and the Magnavox Odyssey 1966, initial idea for a game machine that would work on home TVs Created a shooting game and ice hockey game Sold to Magnavox in 1972 http:/
4、www.pong- 4455,5,Games for the Masses,Breaking Into the Amusement Business: Nolan Bushnell and Atari Engineering major at the University of Utah Background in coin-operated amusement devices Tried to bring Spacewar to arcades as Computer War,CS 4455,6,Games for the Masses,Bringing Games to the Masse
5、s Atari founded by Nolan Bushnell in 1972 Brought Pong to arcades Sued by Baer and Magnavox Paid a one-time license fee of $700,000,CS 4455,7,The Console Kings,Atari and the 2600 Atari VCS (1600) released in 1977 Not quite the first cartridge-based home system Open architecture allowed easy developm
6、ent First to introduce licensing of a system,Image from http:/ 4455,8,The Console Kings,Video Game Crash of 1983 Factors leading to the crash Poor economy Natural market cycle Video games perceived as fad Glut of poor 2600 games Introduction of home computers,CS 4455,9,The Console Kings,Nintendo and
7、 Shigeru Miyamoto Released Donkey Kong arcade machine in 1981 Released Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985 During late 80s Nintendo owned 90% of the market Latest console is the Nintendo DS,CS 4455,10,The Console Kings,Sega Created in 1952 in Japan to sell amusement games on US army bases Released
8、 the popular Sega Genesis in 1990 Final console was 1999s Sega Dreamcast Now dedicated to software,CS 4455,11,The Console Kings,Sonys PlayStation Created out of an aborted attempt to launch a CD-ROM based system with Nintendo Released PlayStation in 1994 PlayStation 2 released in 2000, maintaining b
9、ackwards compatibility with hugely popular PS1 Next console release is PSP handheld,CS 4455,12,The Console Kings,Microsoft and the Xbox Xbox released in 2001 Based on a PC-like architecture Initially significant money lost on each console sold Halo and Halo 2 are its most popular games,CS 4455,13,Ho
10、me Computers,Apple Computer Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Mike Markkula in 1976 Apple II was released in 1977 Revolutionized the home computer market,CS 4455,14,Home Computers,Commodore Commodore Vic-20 Released in 1981 Low price and shrewd marketing lead to success Commodore 64, released
11、 in 1982, became the best selling computer in history,CS 4455,15,Home Computers,IBM IBM PC introduced in 1981 Moderate pricing helped it gain a foothold in the business world BIOS licensing model backfired on them, allowing cheap clones to enter the market,CS 4455,16,The Designers,Maxis and Will Wri
12、ght SimCity released in 1989 Other Sim games followed (SimAnt, SimCopter) Maxis becomes part of Electronic Arts Released The Sims in 2000 The Sims has sold more than 6 million copies so far,CS 4455,17,The Designers,MicroProse and Sid Meier Founded by Sid Meier and “Wild Bill” Stealey Concentrated on
13、 strategic simulations in early years Sid Meiers Pirates! in 1987 was Sids first signature game http:/ Genre-defining Railroad Tycoon and Civilization followed,CS 4455,18,The Designers,Sierra and Ken and Roberta Williams Created first graphical adventure game, Mystery House in 1980 Great success fol
14、lowed with Kings Quest series, Police Quest series, and Leisure Suit Larry series Published Half-Life,CS 4455,19,The Designers,Origin Systems and Richard Garriott Created the Ultima series In 1997 created Ultima Online, one of the first Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games Studios disban
15、ded in 2000 by EA,CS 4455,20,The Designers,Origins Other Blockbuster: Wing Commander Created by Chris Roberts One of the more popular starfighter games Known for epic storylines and full-motion video Spawned a 1999 movie, directed by Roberts,CS 4455,21,The Phenomenons,Space Invaders Introduced to th
16、e US in 1978 First big Japanese success Introduced the “High Score” list to video games,CS 4455,22,The Phenomenons,Pac-Man American debut in 1981 Attempt to create a completely non-violent game Generated $100 million in sales during its lifetime,CS 4455,23,The Phenomenons,The Tangled History of Tetr
17、is Created by Russian programmer Alexy Pajitnov in 1985 Became a pop culture sensation Helped drive the success of Nintendos Game Boy,CS 4455,24,The Phenomenons,Capcom and Resident Evil Capcom founded in 1979 Created Street Fighter, Mega Man and Resident Evil Resident Evil has spawned 15 variations
18、and sequels as well as two Hollywood movies,CS 4455,25,The Phenomenons,Square and Final Fantasy In 1987 released Final Fantasy as a last-ditch effort to stave off bankruptcy 15 games have been released since then, selling more than 40 million copies Computer-animated Hollywood movie released in 2001
19、,CS 4455,26,The Phenomenons,Cyan and Myst Created by Rand and Robyn Miller Released in 1993 on the Apple Macintosh Helped popularize the CD-ROM drive,CS 4455,27,The Phenomenons,Pokmon Created by Japanese video game enthusiast Satoshi Tajiri Pokmon Red and Green released for Nintendo Game Boy in 1996
20、 Movies, TV series and multiple sequels have followed,CS 4455,28,The Phenomenons,The Rise and Fall of the Video Game Mascot Early mascots helped sell game systems Mascots are seemingly less popular now Over-exposure and an aging audience may be explanations for this trend,CS 4455,29,The Studios,Acti
21、vision and Infocom Activision founded by former Atari programmers Lawsuit by Atari created the “royalties” system still employed by consol makers today Merged with Infocom and gutted it Still a strong player today,CS 4455,30,The Studios,Electronic Arts Created by Trip Hawkins in 1982 Revolutionary b
22、usiness plan did three things Creative talent treated like artists Creation of in-house tools to aid cross-platform development Handle own distribution Now the largest game software company in the world,CS 4455,31,The Studios,Interplay Formed in 1983 First big hit was The Bards Tale in 1985 Famous f
23、or their CRPGs, including Wasteland, Fallout, Baldurs Gate, Baldurs Gate II: Shadows of Amn Since de-listed from the NASDAQ,CS 4455,32,The Studios,LucasArts Formed in 1982 as an offshoot of LucasFilm Ltd. Released Maniac Mansion in 1987 Created strong history of adventure games and Star Wars univers
24、e games,CS 4455,33,The Studios,Blizzard Started in 1991 by Frank Morhaime, Allen Adham, and Frank Pearce. Released one of the seminal Real-Time Strategy games, Warcraft, in 1994 Their latest release, the MMORPG World of Warcraft, has become the fastest selling PC game in history,CS 4455,34,The Studi
25、os,id Software Formed on February 1, 1991 Successfully utilized Apogees shareware formula Created the defining first-person shooter with DOOM,CS 4455,35,Genres,Adventure Sub-genres include text-based adventure and graphical adventure Zork by Infocom Kings Quest by Sierra,CS 4455,36,Genres,Action Sup
26、erset of all other action-oriented genres Typified by fast-paced combat and movement Spacewar, Pong, and Space Invaders helped define the genre,CS 4455,37,A Genres,Action-Adventure Adventure games with action elements The Legend of Zelda was first break-out hit Jak 3, Metroid Prime 2 Echoes, and Res
27、ident Evil 4 are modern examples of the genre,CS 4455,38,Genres,Platformer Typified by a character running and jumping in a side-scrolling playing field Modern definition has expanded to include 3D Super Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog, Pitfall! and Super Mario 64 are examples,CS 4455,39,Genres,Figh
28、ting Players typically fight other players or the computer using swordplay or martial arts Double Dragon is an example of a side-scrolling fighter Virtua Fighter, Mortal Kombat, and Street Fighter are examples of versus fighters, where the players fight each other,CS 4455,40,Genres,First-Person Shoo
29、ter Action game where player is “behind the eyes” of the game character in a first-person perspective id Softwares Wolfenstein 3D and DOOM are the earliest popular examples,CS 4455,41,Genres,Real-Time Strategy (RTS) Typically, a game in which the goal is to collect resources, build an army and comba
30、t the other player or computer Popularized by Westwoods Dune 2 and Command and Conquer and Blizzards Warcraft,CS 4455,42,Genres,Turn-Based Strategy Like real-time strategy games, but turn-based Civilization, X-COM, Master of Orion, and Jagged Alliance are standouts of the genre,CS 4455,43,Genres,Rol
31、e-Playing Game (RPG) The video game counterpart to pen and pencil games like Dungeons and Dragons Final Fantasy, Baldurs Gate and Wasteland are some popular examples of the genre,CS 4455,44,Genres,Massively Multiplayer Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) An RPG set in a persistent virtual world populated by
32、thousands of other players Ultima Online in 1997 was the first popular one World of Warcraft is currently the most popular one,CS 4455,45,Genres,Stealth Characterized by a focus on subterfuge and planned-out, deliberate play Metal Gear in 1987 was one the first Popular modern series include Metal Ge
33、ar, Splinter Cell, and Thief,CS 4455,46,Genres,Survival Horror An action-adventure or first-person shooter where survival elements and a fight against the undead are stressed Resident Evil is easily the most popular series in this genre,CS 4455,47,Genres,Simulation Based on the simulation of a syste
34、m SimCity and The Sims are example of “God” simulations where you control the lives of a town or a family Wing Commander and X-Wing are popular space combat simulation games,CS 4455,48,Genres,Racing Games that involve competing in a race in a vehicle Typically try to re-create a real-world activity
35、Pole Position was first popular racing game,CS 4455,49,Genres,Sports Games that simulate the sporting experience Breakouts include John Madden Football and Tiger Woods Golf,CS 4455,50,Genres,Rhythm Gauge players success based on the ability to trigger the controls in time to the beat of music Someti
36、mes require specialized controllers such as dance pads or bongo drums Konamis Dance Dance Revolution is the pre-eminent title of the genre,CS 4455,51,Genres,Puzzle Games that combine pattern matching, logic, strategy and luck with a timed element Tetris is the breakout hit of this genre,CS 4455,52,G
37、enres,Mini-Games Short, simple games that exist within the context of a larger game Mario Party and Wario Ware are popular examples of this genre,CS 4455,53,Genres,Traditional Computerized versions of board, word, and card games Battle Chess and the Hoyle series are standouts of this genre,CS 4455,5
38、4,Genres,Educational Games designed to teach grade-school concepts to children and young adults Oregon Trail was the first popular game in this genre The Carmen Sandiego series and Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing are more modern popular examples,CS 4455,55,Genres,Serious A game designed to teach real-world events or processes to adults Most are privately funded Popular with the US Government and the medical field,
