Chapter 14Plant BiotechnologyI. Introduction A. Shrubs that ".ppt
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1、Chapter 14 Plant Biotechnology I. IntroductionA. Shrubs that “Glow in the Dark“B. Traditional and Modern BiotechnologyII. Traditional Vegetative PropagationA. Introduction1. Grafting Defined the permanent union of parts of two plants2. Ancient practicesa. Chinese practiced grafting by 1000 B.C.b. Th
2、eophrastus discussed grafting in his book, Causes of Plants,B. Stem Cuttings1. Cuttings defined pieces of a plant that are induced to produce roots and are then planted to grow on their own2. Example of navel oranges. First mutation originated in Brazil 1820. In 1873 it was shipped to Washington DC
3、then to Riverside, California 3. ProceduresC. Leaf Cuttings examples; African violets, peperomias, begoniasD. Root Cuttings,E. Layering1. Tip layeringa. Tips of stem (canes) in blackberries and boysenberries are covered with a mound of soilb. Roots and shoots form on the buried portionc. New plants
4、can be separated from parent stems2. Air layeringa. Wounded stem is wrapped in damp sphagnum moss and covered with plastic filmb. Adventitious roots develop from injured areas on stemc. Cut stem below root growth and plant in soil,F. Propagation from Specialized Stems and Roots1. Rhizomes, tubes, an
5、d corms divided and grow into new plant2. Bulbs hyacinth, grape hyacinth induced to form bulblets by wounding3. Fleshy storage roots sweet potatoes, dahlias,III. GraftingA. Grafting Process insertion of a short stem portion, the scion, into another stem, the stock, containing a root systemB. Grafted
6、 Part Must Be Related can not graft maple wood to an apple tree,IV. Traditional Plant BreedingA. The Green Revolution1. Defined development of high yielding strains of wheat and other grains2. Norman Borlauga. “Father of the Green Revolution“b. Awarded Nobel Prize in 1970 for developing new strains
7、of wheat in Mexico3. Drawbacksa. Plentiful water supply required (i.e., irrigation water)b. Extensive applications of fertilizer required,B. Hybridization1. Crossing of different varieties yield F1 seed with hybrid vigor2. Corn grown in North America comes from F1 hybrid seed3. Bread wheat hybrids,C
8、. Polyploidy1. Defined flowering plants that have more than two sets of chromosomes2. Typesa. Alloploidy hybridization followed by a doubling of the chromosome numberb. Autoploidy chromosomes doubled when pairs of chromosomes fail to separate during mitosis or meiosis3. Artificially creating polyplo
9、idsa. Treating seeds with colchicine interferes with spindle formation during mitosisb. Wounding and callus formation e.g. tomatoc. Application of heat to seeds e.g. corn,D. Mutations1. Defined involves a change in a gene or chromosome2. Induced mutationsa. Radiationb. Chemicals3. Usefulness of muta
10、tions some induced mutations have yielded better strains of Penicillium mold,V. Tissue Culture and MericloningA. Tissue Culture1. Defined a mass of callus tissue growing on an artificial medium2. Techniquesa. Isolate plant tissues from meristems or pithb. Place in sterile growth mediumc. Rapid multi
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