1、203,Chapter 22: Amines. Organic derivatives of ammonia, NH3. Nitrogen atom have a lone pair of electrons, making the amine both basic and nucleophilic22.1: Amines Nomenclature. (please read)Amines are classified according to the degree of nitrogen substitution: 1 (RNH2), 2 (R2NH), 3 (R3N) and 4 (R4N
2、+),alkylamines arylamines,primary (1) amines secondary (2) amines tertiary (3) amines quarternary (4) ammonium ion,Note: Although the terminology is the same, this classification of amines is different from that of alcohols.,204,22.2: Structure and bonding. The nitrogen of alkylamines is sp3 hybridi
3、zed and tetrahedral.,The nitrogen of arylamines (aniline) is slightly flatten, reflecting resonance interactions with the aromatic ring.,205,In principle an amine with three different substituents on the nitrogen is chiral with the lone pair of electrons being the fourth substituent; however, for mo
4、st amines the pyramidal inversion of nitrogen is a racemization mechanism. The barrier to nitrogen inversion is about 25 KJ/mol (very rapid at room temperature).,22.3: Physical Properties. (please read) 22.4: Basicity of Amines. The basicity is reflective of and is expressed as the pKas of the conju
5、gate acid. The conjugate base of a weak acid is a strong base:Higher pKa = weaker acid = stronger conjugate base The conjugate base of a strong acid is a weak baseLower pKa = stronger acid = weaker conjugate base,206,Table 22.1 (p. 915): pKa values of ammonium ions Alkyl ammonium ions, R3NH+ X-, hav
6、e pKa values in the rangeof 10-11 (ammonium ion, H4N+ X-, has a pKa 9.3) The ammonium ions of aryl amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines are considerably more acidic than alkyl amines (pKa 5). The nitrogen lone pair is less basic if it is in an sp2 hybridized orbital (versus an sp3),NH4+ pKa= 9.3
7、(H3CH2C)NH3+ 10.8 (H3CH2C)2NH2+ 11.1 (H3CH2C)3NH+ 10.8,pKa= 4.65.20.47.0- 1.0,207,Arylamines are much less basic than alkylamines. The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen of aniline are conjugated to the -electrons of the aromatic ring and are therefore less available for acid-base chemistry. Pro
8、tonation disrupts the conjugation.Substitutents can greatly influence the basicity of the aniline. The effect is dependent upon the nature and position of the substitutent.,208,Electron-donating substituents (-CH3, -OH, -OCH3) make the substituted aniline more basic than aniline itself (the pKa of t
9、he anilinium ion is higher than 4.6)Electron-withdrawing substituents (-Cl, -NO2) make the substituted aniline less basic than aniline itself (the pKa of the anilinium ion is lower than 4.6),Y= -NH2 pKa= 6.2-OCH3 pKa= 5.3-CH3 pKa= 5.1-H pKa= 4.6-Cl pKa= 4.0-CF3 pKa= 3.5-CN pKa= 1.7-NO2 pKa= 1.0,less
10、 acidic (more basic)more acidic (less basic),209,22.5: R4N+ Salts as Phase-Transfer Catalysts (please reads) 22.6: Reactions That Lead to Amines: A Review and Preview Formation of C-N bonds: a. Nucleophilic substitution with azide ion (Ch. 8.1, 8.11)Nitration of arenes (Ch. 12.3)c. Nucleophilic ring
11、 opening of epoxides with NH3 (Ch. 16.12),210,Reaction of amines with ketones and aldehydes (Ch. 17.10)Nucleophilic substitution of -halo acids with NH3 (Ch. 19.16) f. Nucleophilic acyl substitution (Ch. 20.4, 20.5, 20.11),211,22.7: Preparation of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia Ammonia and other al
12、kylamines are good nucleophiles and react with 1 and 2 alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN2 reaction yielding alkyl amines.,1, 2, and 3 amines all have similar reactivity; the initially formed monoalkylation product can undergo further reaction to yield a mixture of alkylated products,212,22.8: The
13、 Gabriel Synthesis of Primary Alkylamines. reaction of potassium phthalimide with alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN2 reaction. The resulting N-susbtituted phthalimide can be hydrolyzed with acid or base to a 1 amine.,The Gabriel amine synthesis is a general method for the prepartion of 1 alkylami
14、nes (but not arylamines),213,22.9: Preparation of Amines by Reduction. Alkyl azides, nitriles, amides, and nitroarene can be reduced to the corresponding amines. LiAlH4 reduces alkyl azides to 1 amines,LiAlH4 reduces nitriles to 1 amines,LiAlH4 reduces amides to 1, 2 or 3 amines,214,Nitroarenes are
15、reduced to anilines,22.10: Reduction Amination. Imines and iminium ions are easily reduced to amines.,215,Sodium cyanoborohydride, Na+ NC-BH3 : the cyano ligand makes cyanoborohydride a weak hydride source and it will react with only the most easily reduced functional groups, such as an iminium ion.
16、 NaB(CN)H3 reduces ketones and aldehydes slowly.Reductive amination with NaB(CN)H3 is a one-pot reaction,216,22.11: Reactions of Amines: A Review and a Preview. Reaction of ammonia and 1 amines with aldehyde and ketones to afford imines (w/ loss of H2O) (Ch. 17.10-17.11)Reaction of 2 amines with ald
17、ehyde and ketones (w/ an -proton) to afford an enamine (w/ loss of H2O) (Ch. 19.16)Reaction of ammonia, 1, and 2 amines with acid chloride, anhydrides and esters to afford amides. (Ch. 20.4, 20.5, 20.11),217,22.12: Reaction of Amines with Alkyl Halides. Amines react with alkyl halides and tosylates
18、by nucleophilic substitution (SN2). Products from multiple alkylation often results.22.13: The Hoffmann Elimination. 1 amine react with excess methyl iodide yield quarternary (4) ammonium salts. E2 elimination of the resulting trimethyl ammonium group to give an alkene.,(major) (minor),218,Hofmann e
19、limination gives the less substituted alkene, where E2 elimination of an alkyl halide or tosylate will follow Zaitsev rule to give the more substituted alkene,Fig 22.4, p.933,219,22.14: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Arylamines. The amino group is strongly activating, ortho/para director; ho
20、wever, it is largely incompatible with Friedel-Crafts reactions.Electrophilic aromatic substitution of phenyl acetamides (amides of aniline). The acetamide group is still activating and an ortho/para director.,The acetamides is acts as a protecting group for the arylamineAnilines are so activated th
21、at multiple substitution reactions can be a problem. The reactivity of the acetamide is attenuated so that mono substitution is achieved.The acetamide group is compatiable with the Friedel-Crafts reactions,220,22.15: Nitrosation of Alkylamines. (please read) 22.16: Nitrosation of Arylamines. Reactio
22、n of aniline with nitrous acid (NaNO2 + H+ HONO) leads to an aryl diazonium cation, which are value precursors to other functional groups.,Aryl diazonium salts react with nucleophiles in a substitutionreaction. N2 is one of the best leaving groups.,221,22.17: Synthetic Transformations of Aryl Diazon
23、ium Salts. (Fig. 22.5, p. 938),Sandmeyer reaction: promoted by Cu(I) salts,Advantages of the aryl diazonium salt intermediate: 1) Introduces aryl substituents that are not otherwise accessible, such as -OH, -F, -I, and -CN.,222,Advantages of the aryl diazonium salt intermediate: Allows preparation o
24、f substituted arenes with substitution patterns that can not be prepared by other means.,Synthesis 3,5-dibromotoluene,223,Synthesize 2-iodoethylbenzene from benzene:,22.18: Azo Coupling. (please read),224,22.19: Spectroscopic Analysis of Amines. IR: N-H stretches in the range of 3300 - 3500 cm-1; th
25、is is the same range as an O-H stretch, but N-H stretches are less intense.,H3C(H2C)4H2C-NH2,H3C(H2C)3H2C-OH,-O-H,225,1H NMR: Nitrogen is less deshielding than oxygen. Hydrogens on the carbon attached to the amino nitrogen have a typical chemical shift of 2.2 - 3.0,1H, s -N- H,2H, q -N-CH2-CH3,5H, m
26、 C6H5-,2H, s Ph-CH2-N-,3H, t -CH2-CH3,HO-CH2CH2CH3,HO-CH2-,HO-,-CH2CH2CH3,-CH2CH2CH3,226,Mass Spectrum: Nitrogen rule: small organic compounds with an odd number of nitrogen atoms have an odd mass; compounds with an even number of nitrogen atoms have an even mass,13C NMR: The resonances of carbon at
27、tached to a nitrogen of an amine are deshielded about 20 ppm downfield from those of an alkane.,HO-CH2CH2CH3,140.6,128.3128.0,126.8,54.0,43.7,15.3,64.3,25.9,10.3,227,C9H13NO D +23,13C NMR: 138.6, 129.1, 128.5, 126.3, 65.9, 54.2, 40.6,7.21-7.32 (m, 2H) 7.15-7.21 (m, 3H),3.60 (1H, dd, J= 10.7, 4.1),3.38 (1H, dd, J= 10.7, 7.0),3.05-3.12 (1H, m),2.77 (1H, dd, J= 13.3, 5.0),2.49 (1H, dd, J= 13.3, 8.8),2.35-2.45 (3H, br s),IR:,
