1、Chapter 23 - Participles,Chapter 23 - Participles,General: When we take a verb and make an adjective out of it, we have constructed a verbal adjective or participle:,The shouting woman departed.,The men saw the destroyed town.,Chapter 23 - Participles,A participle, like any other adjective, must agr
2、ee with the noun it modifies in gender, number and case.,But the participle also has attributes of tense and voice:,“shouting” is present active,“destroyed” (i.e., “having been destroyed”) is perfect passive.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Because the participle, although an adjective, retains verbal forc
3、e, it may take a direct object:,We saw Hercules drinking the wine: Vidimus Herculem vinum bibentem.,“Drinking the wine” modifies Hercules.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Formation:Active PassivePresent: amns, amantis -(loving)Perfect: - amtus, -a, -um(having been loved)Future: amtrus, -a, -um amandus, -a,
4、 -um(about to love) (about to be loved),Chapter 23 - Participles,Present Active Participle:,Add -ns to the present stem (-ntis for genitive singular),Agens, agentis leading, of the one leading (gen),decline like third declension adjectives of one termination.,In the case of i-stem verbs, -ie- will a
5、ppear: capins, capientis.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Perfect Passive Participle:,ctus, a, um led, having been led,This is the fourth principal part of the verb, declined as an adjective of the 1st and 2nd declension.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Future Active Participle:,cturus, a, um about to lead, going
6、 to lead,Take the fourth principal part of the verb, drop the -us,add -rus, -a, -um. Then decline as a 1st and 2nd declension adjective.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Future Passive Participle:,Agendus, a, um about to be led, must be led,Add -ndus, -a, -um to the present stem.,Then decline as a 1st and 2
7、nd declension adjective.,In i-stem verbs, -ie- will appear: audiendus, -a, -um; sentiendus, -a, -um.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Uses of the Participle:,The tense of a participle is always relative to that of the main verb.,A present participle refers to action contemporaneous with that of the main ver
8、b (whether the main verb is past, present or future).,Chapter 23 - Participles,A perfect participle refers to action prior to that of the main verb.,A future participle refers to action subsequent to that of the main verb.,A proper understanding of Latin participles must always bear in the mind thei
9、r tense and voice.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Present active participle: contemporaneous action, active voice.,Fmina clmns eum vidit:,The shouting woman saw him. Shouting, the woman saw him. While she was shouting, the woman saw him.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Perfect passive participle: prior action, p
10、assive voice.,Fmina territa clmvit.,The having-been-frightened woman shouted. The woman, having been frightened, shouted. The frightened woman shouted. When she had been frightened, the woman shouted.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Future active participle: subsequent action, active voice.,Fmina dictra vi
11、rum vdit.,The about-to-speak woman saw her husband. The woman, about to speak, saw her husband. About to speak, the woman saw her husband. When the woman was about to speak, she saw her husband.,Chapter 23 - Participles,Future passive participle (gerundive): subsequent action, passive voice.,Librs l
12、egends in mns posuit.,He placed having-to-be-read books on the table. He placed books to be read on the table He placed books which should be read on the table.,A Visit from the Young Interns (?),Languebam:,A Visit from the Young Interns (?),Languebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me,A Visit from th
13、e Young Interns (?),Languebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me venisti centum, Symmache, discipulis.,A Visit from the Young Interns (?),Languebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me venisti centum, Symmache, discipulis. Centum me tetigere manus aquilone gelatae:,A Visit from the Young Interns (?),Langu
14、ebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me venisti centum, Symmache, discipulis. Centum me tetigere manus aquilone gelatae: non habui febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo!,Homework,Dum vita est, spes est.,Homework,Dum vita est, spes est. Ubi tyrannus est,Homework,Dum vita est, spes est. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi pla
15、ne est nulla res publica.,Homework,Dum vita est, spes est. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane est nulla res publica. Spes coniuratorum mollibus sententiis multorum civium alitur.,Homework,Dum vita est, spes est. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane est nulla res publica. Spes coniuratorum mollibus sententiis multorum civium alitur. Stoicus noster, “Vitium,” inquit,Homework,Dum vita est, spes est. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane est nulla res publica. Spes coniuratorum mollibus sententiis multorum civium alitur. Stoicus noster, “Vitium,” inquit, “non est in rebus sed in animo ipso.”,
