1、Vertigo,WARD 3,病 例 分 析,定位诊断,周围前庭系统临床上表现为典型的眩晕发作,持续时间短数秒至10余秒不等,发作与头的位置有关,不伴其他神经系统受累的证据。 辅助检查:双侧听力骨到导气导均差;脑干诱发电位未见异常;头MRI无相关阳性发现。,定性诊断,位置性眩晕(BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO,BPPV) 患者表现为较典型的源于头位改变引起的眩晕,持续时间短,且与头的某一位置固定方向改变时,症状加重,DIX实验阳性。,鉴 别 诊 断,椎基底动脉系统TIA 混合性颈椎病 脑内多发梗塞,讨 论,Definitions:,眩晕(Vertigo
2、 )是一种运动幻觉,是指病人感到自身或外界静止的景物运动的幻觉,呈旋转、 摇摆或漂浮感,是空间定向感觉的分析失谐,多在周围或申枢前庭系突然发生病变时产生,是临床上常见的症状之一。至于一般头昏、头胀、眼花、眼前发黑等,不应包括在 眩晕范踌。,Dizziness: Vertigo (spinning or other illusion of movement such as tilting, floating, or impulsion). Vertigo is generally caused by an inner ear disturbance, but can also be cause
3、by a central (brain) disturbance. Lightheaded sensation, impending faint. Lightheadedness is generally caused by low blood pressure, and may be associated with orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Confusion. Generally caused by metabolic (blood chemistry) disturbances. Spatial discomfort. This catego
4、ry encompasses all types of dizziness not specifically covered by the above, and is especially applicable to dizziness caused by psychiatric disorders.,Definitions:,Imbalance: Unsteadiness leading to increased risk of fall. Imbalance commonly accompanies dizziness, but can also be independant. There
5、 are a large numberof individual causes of imbalance. Drop attack: unprovoked fall without loss of consiousness Hearing disorder: Hearing disorders commonly accompany dizziness caused by ear disorders. They are also common in individuals over the age of 50, with any type of dizziness.,Definitions:,(
6、一)眩晕的解剖学基础,周围前庭系 包括内耳前庭及前庭神经。内耳前庭感受器系指三个半规管的壶腹嵴和前庭的球囊斑和椭圆囊斑。神经末梢的终器是由毛细胞组成,每一毛细胞的顶端 都有两种纤毛,一种称静毛 ,有60100条;另一种称为动毛 ,只有一条,较粗大,位于毛细胞顶端一侧边缘部。静止时,毛细胞纤毛直立,有自发中等频率放电,但平时左右相等,不产生眩晕。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,周围前庭系 半规管壶腹毛细胞的动毛朝一侧偏斜时,能够引起毛细胞的极性变化。例如在外半规管,壶腹嵴毛细胞的动毛都靠近椭圆囊一侧,当动毛向椭圆囊侧偏斜时,产生细胞静息电位去极化 ,毛细胞兴奋,有较强放电;若动毛向相反方向偏斜时,产生
7、细胞静息电位超极化 ,毛细胞抑制,放电减少,两者都能引起左右电位不均衡,传到中枢,造成平衡失调,引起眩晕。垂直半规管的壶腹结构与外半规管基本相同,但动毛靠近半规管一侧,故动毛偏斜引起的放电强弱与水平半规管相反,此点可解释Ewald定律。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,周围前庭系 通过角加速变化或冷温试验,可以使内淋巴液流动,从而引起毛细胞表面上的一层胶质层,终顶移动,毛细胞纤毛就朝同一方向偏斜。 前庭的囊斑也由相似的毛细胞组成。椭圆囊斑呈水平位,毛细胞纤毛朝上,球囊斑呈垂直位,纤毛面向前外,毛细胞表面有耳石膜,为一层胶状物质,其上有散在的耳石。耳石由碳酸钙和蛋白质组成,比重大于内淋巴,当接受直线加速
8、度作用后,耳石膜移动,致使纤毛弯曲,从而使毛细胞放电。凡是从左右两侧传入的信息有差异时,就能引起平衡障碍。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,周围前庭系 壶腹嵴和囊斑均有前庭神经终末支进入。前庭神经各终末支是由位于内耳道底部前 庭神经节的周围突所组成,其申枢突出内耳孔直达小脑脑桥角, 进入脑桥到达前庭核。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,中枢前庭系 包括前庭核与申枢。前庭核分上、内、外和降核四核,前庭上核内核接受来自半规管壶腹的传入纤维,外核降核接受来自囊斑的纤维。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,中枢前庭系 包括前庭核与申枢。前庭核分上、内、外和降核四核,前庭上核内核接
9、受来自半规管壶腹的传入纤维,外核降核接受来自囊斑的纤维。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,前庭核与脊髓的联系 其联系以前庭外核内核为主,由外核发出纤维下行,达颈、胸、腰脊髓前角细胞,使伸肌张力增加,屈肌张力减弱,体位变化可使其他肌肉张力发生变化。内核纤维下降可达腰髓,与中轴肌关系密切。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,前庭核与眼肌的联系,前庭上核和内核通过两侧内侧纵束上行到达眼肌运动核, 即双侧、脑神经核。半规管传出纤维与眼肌有较固定的关系,例如头向右水平转动时,引起右前庭核兴奋,使右眼内直肌兴奋,外直肌抑制,左眼内直肌抑制,外直肌兴奋。垂直半规管所引起的眼肌反射相似,仅方向不同。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,前
10、庭与大脑皮质的联系 大脑有前庭申枢,可能茌颞叶昕区附近。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,前庭与小脑的联系 前庭神经的一小部分纤维直接到达小脑蚓部小结和绒球,即 前庭小脑束,小脑通过此束对前庭起抑制作用。,(一)眩晕的解剖学基础,前庭核与网状结构的联系 前庭核与网状结构中的植物神经细胞有联系,能引起 呼吸脉搏加快,后又减慢,伴有恶心、呕吐、肠蠕动增强、面色苍白、出汗、血压波动;严重者有神经系统强烈反应,如大小便失禁、晕厥、休克等。,(二)眩晕发病机理,人体平衡状态的维持必须有来自前庭、视器以及深部感受器的井然有序的信息,三者紧密相关联,共同完成协调的姿势和运动,其中以前庭最为重要。内耳前庭将来自外界的
11、信息通过前庭神经、前庭核传送到大脑皮质的前庭中枢,然后从大脑、小脑、脊髓 及网状结构发出离心冲动,引起必要的感觉和反射以维持身体平衡,如果上述前庭系的任何一个部位有病,均可引起眩晕和平衡障碍。,(二)眩晕发病机理,前庭系以外的平衡感受器也有维持身体平衡作用,并与前庭系在解剖学上和生理学 上有密切联系。这些器官的疾患亦可引起眩晕或平衡障碍,但程度较轻。,(二)眩晕发病机理,(二)眩晕发病机理,(二)眩晕发病机理,(二)眩晕发病机理,(三)眩晕的类别,眩晕分类的方法很多,目前尚无被普遍接受者,甚至对眩晕的定义也存在着分歧, 有人认为当自身或外界景物发生旋转性幻动才能称为眩晕,也有人将摇摆感漂浮感等
12、空间定向障碍均包括在眩晕范畴之内。通常可将眩晕分为以下几种。,(三)眩晕的类别,旋转性眩晕 是一种比较常见而又典型的前庭性眩晕。又可分为客观性眩晕和 主观性陔晕,前者是指病人感到周围景物在围绕自体转动,后者是指病人感到自身在转 动。大多数旋转性眩晕是周围前庭病变引起,但小脑脑干出血、短暂性脑缺血发作、恶性肿瘤颅内转移等亦可出现眩晕。旋转感沿额状平面或冠状平面旋转者多见,可呈顺时针方向或逆时针方向旋转,见于病变偏于一侧时,如美尼尔氏病、小脑半球出血等。沿矢状面旋转者少见,可见于中心性病变,如脑桥出血、小脑蚓部出血等。,(三)眩晕的类别,漂浮性眩晕 旋转性眩晕屡次发作后,可以变为漂浮性。两侧内耳机
13、能丧失时表 现为 jumbling征。快速转动头部或走路时出现视物模糊或振动幻视 。也发生在小脑前庭及中枢前庭系的两侧损害,如小脑蚓部栓塞、脑桥栓塞等。,摇摆性眩晕 见于两侧周围前庭病变,例如链霉素中毒;也见于中枢前庭系两侧同时受侵犯,如小脑蚓部或脑干血管性病变。常表现为身体左右或前后摇晃的感觉。,(三)眩晕的类别,自发性眩晕 系指无明显诱因,突然眩晕发作,可仅犯病一次,或多次反复发作, 前者见于突发性聋、前庭神经元炎、迷路炎等;后者见于美尼尔氏病、短暂性脑缺血发 作、癫痫伴发眩晕等。,(三)眩晕的类别,诱发性眩晕 仅在取某种体位或体动时诱发眩晕,有以下三种情况:仅在取某种特定体位或头位时诱发
14、眩晕,内耳性者为旋转性眩晕,出现旋转性眼震;小脑蚓部病变引起者出现垂直性眼震,有慢性周围性前庭疾患,如迷路炎、突发牲聋、内耳骨折、 内耳梅毒等,头部的快速运动、翻身、躺下、屈颈等运动给予半规管、耳石器或颈肌以刺激,造成已得到暂时代偿的前庭系再次不均衡,诱发眩晕;从卧位或坐位突然站起时或抬头向上看时诱发眩晕,是由于直立性低血压或颈部运动使椎动脉受压引起。 另外,作旋转试验、冷温试验、直流电试验等均能诱发暂时性眩晕,属生理性反应。,(三)眩晕的类别,(四)病因鉴别,前庭神经元炎 有病毒病灶感染史,突然发病,一般无耳聋耳鸣。,(四)病因鉴别,迷路炎 包括浆液性和化脓性迷路炎,有化脓性中耳炎史,尤其胆
15、脂瘤型,瘘管试验多阳性,(四)病因鉴别,外伤性 有颅脑外伤史,可合并有中耳听骨链和迷路前庭损害,亦可累及脑干和中脑。,(四)病因鉴别,美尼尔氏病 为突然发作性眩晕,伴有耳鸣、耳聋和耳胀满感,可复发。,(四)病因鉴别,Lermoyez综合征 先有耳鸣和听力减退,继而发生眩晕。,(四)病因鉴别,Paget氏病 属变形性骨炎,累及颞骨多能引起耳聋、眩晕、头痛和颅骨改变,(四)病因鉴别,Cogan综合征 属胶原性疾病,表现为反复发作性耳鸣、眩晕和耳聋,(四)病因鉴别,多发性硬化症 反复发作性进行性眩晕,累及前庭小脑通路,可伴其他脑神经症,(四)病因鉴别,血管性眩晕 可由于锁骨下动脉、椎动脉、椎基底动脉
16、供血不全等,(四)病因鉴别,小脑后下动脉栓塞 出现Wallenberg综合征、突发眩晕,伴有同侧面部和对侧躯体感觉异常和触觉减,(四)病因鉴别,颈性眩晕 包括颈椎病、骨质增生、关节强直、外伤、椎间关节障碍、颈肌病变等引起眩晕,亦可能由于颈椎椎间孔压迫椎动脉,影响供血,或由于血管神经作用异常。,(四)病因鉴别,小脑脑桥角肿瘤 该处肿瘤以听神经瘤多见,引起眩晕伴有耳鸣、耳聋和同侧 角膜反射减退,可以出现小脑损害体征,(四)病因鉴别,中毒性反应 感染性疾病,如流行性脑膜炎、乙型脑炎、麻疹、猩红热、腮腺 炎、带状疱疹等,药物性如链霉素、新霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、奎宁、水杨酸等中毒,(四)病因鉴别,位
17、置性眩晕(BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO,BPPV) 指头位改变引起的眩晕,属于前庭系统的功能性紊乱,病变可能 在迷路、前庭裨经或前庭小脑通路,(四)病因鉴别,晕动病 发生在乘车、船、飞机等。,(四)病因鉴别,循环系统疾病 常见于血液病、心脏病、动脉硬化、血栓形成等,引起脑缺氧; 姿势性低血压、贫血、白血病、内耳出血等亦可引起眩晕。,(四)病因鉴别,内分泌及代谢障碍 见于月经不调、妊娠、绝经期、甲状腺机能减退、糖尿病 低血糖等。,(四)病因鉴别,颅内疾病 凡颅内占位性病变、炎症、外伤、脑室系统病变和阻塞性病变,以及偏头痛、癫痫等,均可出现眩晕,Phys
18、ical Examination for BPPV,Physical Examination for BPPV,Characters of Peripheral and Central Vertigo,HOW IS BPPV TREATED?,OFFICE TREATMENT OF BPPV: The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,The manuever starts sitting upright . This maneuver should be done by your doctor or physi
19、cal therapist both for safety (you may be dizzy) and to observe the eye movements.,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,First, your doctor will have you briskly lie on your back with your head turned to the symptomatic side at a 45 degree angle. Your head will be kept in this position for 30 to 60 seconds
20、, based on the duration of the vertigo as measured by observation of your eye movements (for nystagmus). You will probably be dizzy for the first 10 seconds.,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,Next your doctor will turn your head to the other side, and keep it in that position for another 30 to 60 secon
21、ds. You may be dizzy again,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,Finally, your doctor will have you roll in the same direction onto your side, carrying your head along so that it is pointed about 45 degrees, nose down. This position is also maintained for 30 seconds, and another burst of dizziness may occu
22、r.,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,Finally, you are returned to sitting. It is common to be very dizzy at this point for about 15 seconds, and your doctor or therapist will be available to steady you. Remain with the head tilted a bit down (as shown) for one minute. Then, the entire maneuver is repea
23、ted for two more repetitions.,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,The recurrence rate for Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) after these maneuvers is about 30 percent, and in some instances a second treatment may be necessary.,The Epley and Semont Maneuvers,INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATIENTS AFTER OFFICE
24、 TREATMENTS (Epley or Semont maneuvers),1.Wait for 10 minutes after the maneuver is performed before going home.,2.Sleep semi-recumbent for the next two nights.,3.For at least one week, avoid provoking head positions that might bring BPPV on again.,4. At one week after treatment, put yourself in the
25、 position that usually makes you dizzy.,HOME TREATMENT OF BPPV(Brandt-Daroff Exercises),Begin by sitting on your bed in an upright position.,Lie down onto your side. It should take you no more than one or two seconds to get into position.,Try to keep your head at a 45 degree angle. An easy way to re
26、member this is to imagine someone standing about six feet in front of you, and just keep looking at the persons head at all times.,Remain on your side for thirty seconds, or until your dizziness subsides.,Return to an upright position and wait for thirty seconds,Now lie down onto your other side. Ag
27、ain, it should take you about one or two seconds to get into position.,Remember to keep your head at a 45 degree angle.,Stay down for another thirty seconds, or until your diziness subsides,Return to an upright position and wait for another thirty seconds.,SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BPPV,POSTERIOR CANAL PLUGGING,SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BPPV,Vestibular Nerve Section,DO YOU FEEL VERTIDO?,DO YOU FEEL VERTIGO?BYE-BYE!,