1、BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ICS 19.120 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BRITISH STANDARD Representation of results of particle size analysis Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphologyThis British Standard was published under the
2、authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 BSI 2008 ISBN 978 0 580 57387 3 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments BS ISO 9276-6:2008 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 9276-6:2008. The UK participation in its preparation
3、was entrusted to Technical Committee LBI/37, Particle characterization including sieving. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible
4、for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. October 2008BS ISO 9276-6:2008Reference number ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9276-6 First edition 2008-09-15 Representation of results of particle size analysis Part
5、 6: Descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology Reprsentation de donnes obtenues par analyse granulomtrique Partie 6: Description et reprsentation quantitative de la forme et de la morphologie des particules BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO 9276-6:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This P
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9、T ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in
10、 the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedBS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiCon
11、tents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms 2 4 Criteria for the evaluation of shape description methods 3 5 Classification of methods and descriptors.4 5.1 General classification .4 5.2 Levels of shape4 5.3 Principles for deriving shape de
12、scriptors 6 6 Errors which can occur in the analysis of a single image 7 6.1 Generation of shape descriptors .7 6.2 Image resolution7 6.3 Binarization 8 6.4 Algorithms for calculating shape descriptors8 7 Size parameters for normalization of shape descriptors 9 8 Shape descriptors .10 8.1 Macroshape
13、 descriptors .10 8.2 Mesoshape descriptors 12 8.3 Combination of shape descriptors 13 8.4 Roughness descriptor 14 Annex A (normative) Some computation equations .15 Annex B (informative) Examples of methods of presentation of shape and size distribution data.16 Bibliography22 BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO
14、9276-6:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each mem
15、ber body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International El
16、ectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards ado
17、pted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pat
18、ent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 9276-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 24, Particle characterization including sieving, Subcommittee SC 4, Sizing by methods other than sieving. ISO 9276 consists of the following parts, under
19、 the general title Representation of results of particle size analysis: Part 1: Graphical representation Part 2: Calculation of average particle sizes/diameters and moments from particle size distributions Part 3: Adjustment of an experimental curve to a reference model Part 4: Characterization of a
20、 classification process Part 5: Methods of calculation relating to particle size analyses using logarithmic normal probability distribution Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vIntrodu
21、ction A variety of different methods for the descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology are known. Even for the term particle size, there is no single definition. Different methods of size analysis are based on the measurement of different physical properties. In IS
22、O 9276-1, the particle size is defined as the diameter of a sphere having the same physical property. This is known as the equivalent spherical diameter. So-called property functions help to correlate it with the property of primary interest, which may, for instance, be flowability, taste or dissolu
23、tion time. Broad application of sizing methods in particle characterization shows that particle size is often an important factor. But particle size alone is not sufficient to allow particle phenomena such as powder flow, mixing, abrasion or biological response to be understood. Particle shape and m
24、orphology play an important role in particle systems and therefore it is also necessary to characterize and describe these characteristics quantitatively. Including additional shape parameters in property functions is supposed to give a better correlation with the particular property of the particle
25、 system. For instance, knowledge of the size of grinding particles and of the sharpness of their edges will make it possible not only to distinguish between fresh and used grinding particles but also to predict their abrasive effect quantitatively by means of a property function. ISO 13322-1 and ISO
26、 13322-2 give guidance on the measurement, description and validation methodologies used when determining particle sizes by static and dynamic image analysis, respectively. Broad industrial use of image analysis techniques requires standardized methods of measurement for the characterization of the
27、size, geometrical shape and morphology of particles. A particles shape is the envelope formed by all the points on the surface of the particle. Particle morphology represents the extension of a simple shape description of this kind to more complex descriptions including characteristics such as poros
28、ity, roughness and texture. Various glossaries of terms giving descriptions, in words, of particle shape and morphology already exist (see Clause 5). These descriptions may be useful for the classification or identification of particles but, at the moment, there is insufficient consensus on the defi
29、nition of particle shape and morphology in the quantitative terms necessary for them to be implemented in software routines. A future revision of this part of ISO 9276 may cover this. BS ISO 9276-6:2008BS ISO 9276-6:2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Represe
30、ntation of results of particle size analysis Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology IMPORTANT The electronic file of this document contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore co
31、nsider printing this document using a colour printer. 1 Scope This part of ISO 9276 specifies rules and nomenclature for the description and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology. To achieve a more comprehensive description of a particle or particle system, particle size infor
32、mation can be used together with other information but, in most cases, the particle size information cannot be replaced. The averaging of shape over all particles in a sample has been shown to be an ineffective approach. Distributions of other particle characteristics are required in addition to par
33、ticle size distributions (see ISO 9276-1). The relevance, to technological applications, of any method of representing particle shape is the deciding factor in its use. Therefore this part of ISO 9276 is restricted to methods which can be correlated with physical properties in industrial application
34、s. The aim of particle analysis is to determine the most appropriate characterization method for a particular application. This implies a profound understanding of the relationship between particle characteristics and macroscopic product and process properties (or at least a database of broad empiri
35、cal data). Problems of shape and morphology would normally be three-dimensional problems, but most definitions in this part of ISO 9276 are in fact given for two dimensions because of the widespread use of image analysis methods. With the help of the evaluation criteria given in Clause 4, a minimum
36、set of shape descriptors is derived in Clause 8 from the various descriptors and methods in Clause 5, enabling a direct comparison of different shape analysis equipment or methods to be made within the limits discussed in Clause 6. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indisp
37、ensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 9276-1:1998, Representation of results of particle size analysis Part 1: Graphical represe
38、ntation (and its Technical Corrigendum ISO 9276-1:1998/Cor.1:2004) ISO 13322-1:2004, Particle size analysis Image analysis methods Part 1: Static image analysis methods BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO 9276-6:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this docume
39、nt, the symbols given in ISO 13322-1 and ISO 9276-1 and the following apply. In ISO 9276-1, the symbol x is used to denote the particle size or the diameter of a sphere. However, it is recognized that the symbol d is also widely used to designate these values. Therefore, in this part of ISO 9276, th
40、e symbol x may be replaced by d wherever it appears. Symbols for the particle size other than x or d shall not be used. A projection area A boxFeret box area A carea of the convex hull (envelope) bounding the particle b intercept on graph for fractal dimension C circularity CI global surface concavi
41、ty index D Ffractal dimension d cmindiameter of the minimum circumscribed circle d imaxdiameter of the maximum inscribed circle d Lspacing of a series of parallel lines for use in the Cauchy-Crofton formula (see Clause A.1) E thickness I number of intercepts for use in the Cauchy-Crofton formula (se
42、e Clause A.1) L Ggeodesic length N number P length of perimeter P Clength of the perimeter of the convex hull (envelope) bounding the particle Rn roundness S surface area V volume x Aarea-equivalent diameter of particle x Ethickness of a very long particle x Fmaxmaximum Feret diameter x Fminminimum
43、Feret diameter x LFFeret diameter perpendicular to the minimum Feret diameter, normally known as “length” x LGgeodesic length of a very long particle BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3x Lmaxlength of major axis of Lengendre ellipse of inertia x Lminlength of minor a
44、xis of Lengendre ellipse x Pperimeter-equivalent diameter of particle x Ssurface-equivalent diameter of particle x Vvolume-equivalent diameter of particle angle or direction 1robustness 2largest concavity index 3concavity/robustness ratio number of erosions Wadells sphericity FPaverage concavity 4 C
45、riteria for the evaluation of shape description methods A common problem in shape description is how to judge the quality of a shape description method. Not all methods are suitable for every kind of shape and application. Until now, consistent evaluation criteria have not existed for shape descript
46、ion methods. Criteria for the evaluation of shape description methods: accessibility, which describes how easy it is to compute a shape descriptor in terms of memory requirements and computation time; scope, which refers to the classes of shape that can be described by the method; uniqueness, which
47、describes whether a one-to-one mapping relationship exists between shapes and shape descriptors; stability and sensitivity, which describe how sensitive a shape description is to “small” changes in shape. Each method shall use descriptors with a specific degree of complexity. In general, descriptors
48、 can be described as sets of numbers that are produced to describe a given shape. The shape may not be entirely reconstructable from these descriptors, but the descriptors for different shapes shall be sufficiently different to make it possible to discriminate between the shapes. Criteria for shape
49、descriptors: invariance with respect to rotation and reflection for a given shape, the values of the descriptors shall be the same irrespective of the orientation of the particle; invariance with respect to scale for a given shape, the values of the descriptors shall be the same irrespective of the size of the particle; independence if the elements of the descriptors are independent, some can be discarded without the need to recalculate the others; BS ISO 9276-6:2008 ISO 9276-6:2008(E) 4
