1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO/IEC 12087-1:1995 Implementation of ISO/IEC 12087-1:1995 Information technology Computer graphics and image processing Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) Functional specification Part 1: Common architecture for imaging ICS 35.140BSISO/IEC12087-1:1995 This British Standard,
2、 having been prepared under the directionof the Information Systems Technology Assembly,was published underthe authorityof the Standards Boardand comes intoeffect on 15 September 1995 BSI 02-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference IST/31 Draft for c
3、omment 92/68726 DC ISBN 0 580 24460 1 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/31, Computer graphics and image processing, upon which the following bodies were represented: Department of Trade and Industry (Nat
4、ional Engineering Laboratory) Department of Trade and Industry IT Standards Unit (Itd6a) Joint Information Systems Committee Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSISO/IEC12087-1:1995 BSI 02-2000 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front
5、cover National foreword ii Foreword v Text of ISO/IEC 12087-1 1BSISO/IEC12087-1:1995 ii BSI 02-2000 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO/IEC12087-1:1995 and implements it as the UK national standard. This British Standard is published under the direction of the Information
6、 Systems Technology Assembly whose Technical Committee IST/31 has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international committee any enquiries on interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international an
7、d European developments and promulgate them in the UK. NOTEInternational and European Standards, as well as overseas standards, are available from Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W44AL. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
8、Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, theISO/IEC title page, pagesii tovi, pa
9、ges1 to53 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.ISO/IEC12087-1:1995(E) ii BSI 02-2000 Contents Page Foreword v Introduction 1 1 Scope 3 2 Normative Refere
10、nces 4 3 Definitions and abbreviations 5 3.1 Definitions 5 3.2 Abbreviations 6 3.3 Diagrammatic Conventions 7 4 The IPI architecture 7 4.1 IPI imaging architecture 7 4.1.1 IPI imaging model 7 4.1.2 IPI operator processing model 8 4.2 IPI basic data types 8 4.2.1 IPI elementary data types 9 4.2.2 IPI
11、 compound data types 10 4.3 IPI image data types 10 4.3.1 IPI derived elementary image data types 10 4.3.2 IPI derived compound image data types 10 4.3.3 IPI derived image attributes 11 4.4 IPI derived non-image data types 12 4.4.1 IPI derived image annotation data types 12 4.4.2 IPI derived image-r
12、elated non-image data types 13 5 IPI-PIKS architecture 13 5.1 IPI-PIKS imaging model 14 5.1.1 IPI-PIKS neighbourhood control 14 5.1.2 IPI-PIKS image control 14 5.2 IPI-PIKS system control 14 5.2.1 Data object management 15 5.2.2 Operational synchronicity 15 5.2.3 Element chaining 15 5.2.4 Error mana
13、gement 15 5.3 IPI-PIKS basic data types 15 5.3.1 IPI-PIKS elementary data types 15 5.3.2 IPI-PIKS compound data type 16 5.4 IPI-PIKS derived image data descriptions 18 5.4.1 IPI-PIKS derived data types 18 5.4.2 IPI-PIKS compound image data types 18 5.4.3 Composite images 19 5.4.4 IPI-PIKS image obje
14、ct attributes 20 5.5 IPI-PIKS derived non-image data structures 22 5.6 IPI-PIKS data pragmata 28 6 IPI-IIF-specific architecture 29 6.1 IPI-IIF imaging model 29 6.2 IPI-IIF basic data types 29 6.3 IPI-IIF derived data types 29 6.3.1 IPI-IIF derived image data types 30 6.3.2 IPI-IIF image attributes
15、30 6.3.3 IPI-IIF derived non-image data types 31 6.3.3.1 IPI-IIF image annotation data types 31 6.3.3.2 IPI-IIF image-related non-image data types 31ISO/IEC12087-1:1995(E) BSI 02-2000 iii Page 7 Relationship between IPI-PIKS and IPI-IIF 33 8 Conformance 34 8.1 Conformance of functionality 34 8.2 Con
16、formance of accuracy and precision 34 8.3 Extensions 35 8.4 Conformance profiles 35 8.4.1 Types of profile 35 8.4.2 Application profile registration 36 8.4.3 Profiles defined by IPI 36 Annex A (normative) Structured image data types 37 Annex B (normative) Structure codes 38 Annex C (normative) The r
17、epresentation of colour 39 Annex D (normative) Language-Independent Data Types 44 D.1 Bit 44 D.2 Boolean 44 D.3 Character 44 D.4 Complex 45 D.5 Enumerated 45 D.6 Null 46 D.7 Integer 46 D.8 Real 47 D.9 State 47 D.10 Array 47 D.11 Choice 48 D.12 List 49 D.13 Pointer 50 D.14 Range 50 D.15 Record 50 D.1
18、6 Set 51 D.17 Character String 52 D.18 Table 52 Annex E (informative) Bibliography 53 Figure 0.1 Data flow between the application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF 2 Figure 0.2 Classes of operations on images 2 Figure 1 Relationship of the parts of ISO/IEC 12087 3 Figure 2 Diagrammatic conventions 6 F
19、igure 3 Interfaces between application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF 8 Figure 4 Fundamental operator processing model 9 Figure 5 The operator model used by IPI-PIKS 14 Figure 6 Relationship Between a Physical Volume and IPI-PIKS Horizontal, Vertical, and Depth Coordinates 19 Figure 7 Aggregation of
20、 Image References into a List 19 Figure 8 Colour Systems and Representations Used by IPI 40 Table 1 Codes for the externally-visible representations of IPI-PIKS-specific data types 18 Table 2 Dimensions of an IPI-PIKS Data Object 18 Table 3 IPI-IIF profiles that correspond to IPI-PIKS profiles 36ISO
21、/IEC12087-1:1995(E) iv BSI 02-2000 Page Table 4 IPI-PIKS profiles that correspond to IPI-IIF profiles 36 Table 5 XYZ tristimulus values for the white points of common illuminance 39 Table 6 Supported types of colour representation, and their attributes 42 Table 7 Standardized parameterisations of co
22、lours 42 Table 8 Parameter values for the standardized colour representations (non-normative) 43 Table 9 Mappings Between Colours and Image Channels 43 Descriptors: Data processing, information interchange, graphic data processing, image processing, communication procedure, specifications, operating
23、 requirements.ISO/IEC12087-1:1995(E) BSI 02-2000 v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the de
24、velopment of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-govern
25、mental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IECJTC1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publica
26、tion as an International Standard requires approval by at least75% of the national bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO/IEC12087-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IECJTC1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC24, Computer graphics and image processing. ISO/IEC 12087 cons
27、ists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Computer graphics and image processing Image processing and interchange (IPI) Functional specification: Part 1: Common architecture for imaging; Part 2: Programmers imaging kernel system application programme interface; Part
28、 3: Image Interchange Facility (IIF). Annex A to Annex D form an integral part of this part of ISO/IEC12087. Annex E is for information only.vi blankISO/IEC12087-1:1995(E) BSI 02-2000 1 Introduction The processing of images is a requirement of many application areas of information processing. Early
29、work in these areas led to the development of many application program interfaces and a large number of image representations for interchange. The purpose of ISO/IEC12087 is to provide an application program interface and an image interchange representation in order to increase the portability of ap
30、plication software. ISO/IEC12087 provides an architectural model for the representation and manipulation of images in a digital form. Based on this model, it defines an application program interface and an image interchange format. It is applicable to all application areas that involve the processin
31、g, manipulation, or transfer of image data. ISO/IEC12087 includes notes and exemplary material. Such material is non-normative: it is included solely to aid understanding and does not form part of ISO/IEC12087. ISO/IEC 12087 initially comprises three parts: 1) Common architecture for imaging, which
32、describes the common architectural material on which the entire Standard is based; 2) Programmers imaging kernel system application program interface, which defines processing operations to be carried out on image data; 3) Image Interchange Facility (IIF), which defines how images may be interchange
33、d between application programs. Information may be interchanged between the application program, Programmers Imaging Kernel System (IPI-PIKS), and Image Interchange Facility (IPI-IIF) (see figure). Data paths between all three components are standardized in ISO/IEC12087, as indicated by the solid li
34、nes; however, it is also permitted that implementations may use private, implementation-dependent data paths, shown by dashed lines; such data paths are outside the scope of ISO/IEC12087. There are a great many types of application that involve the use of images. The Computer Graphics Reference Mode
35、l ISO11072 identifies six main function classes (seeFigure 0.1): image analysis transformation of digital images to image and non-image data; this encompasses basic functions such as histogram generation, mean value determination, image classification, etc., but does not include image understanding
36、using artificial intelligence techniques. image interpretation the process of inferring symbolic scene descriptions from image data. image presentation transformation of image data to a form suitable for an observer; e.g., via video monitors, printers, film recorders, etc. image processing transform
37、ation of digital images to digital images; e.g., grey value contrast enhancement, edge detection, etc. image sensing transformation of real-world information to digital images; e.g., via cameras, optical scanners, etc. image synthesis transformation of non-image data to image data; this encompasses
38、functions such as the rendering of lines, creation of test images, simulation of sensor functions, letters of graphical text and symbols, etc. As figure indicates, all these function classes involve the manipulation of a digital image; some function classes also require information that is related t
39、o the data contained in the digital image but is itself non-image in nature. This image-related information is essential to many of the common operations performed on digital images and is therefore also described by ISO/IEC12087. ISO/IEC12087 is also concerned with image interchange, the interchang
40、e of digital images among imaging applications; this serves for the communication of image data and related non-image data among imaging applications. The term “digital image” used in ISO11072 is synonymous with the term “image” as used in ISO/IEC12087. It is important to realize the distinction bet
41、ween “image” (or “digital image”) as used in ISO/IEC12087 and the term “image” as it may be used colloquially: in ISO/IEC12087, “image” (or “digital image”) refers to a particular representation of image data within a computer system. An image may not be viewed directly. To view an image, an explici
42、t presentation step is involved, as figure indicates. Image data that are in a form suitable for viewing by an observer are termed “presentable” image data in ISO/IEC12087.ISO/IEC12087-1:1995(E) 2 BSI 02-2000 NOTE 1Some application areas, which might loosely be termed “image understanding,” utilize
43、data derived from an image by means of some analysis; such applications are therefore omitted from this ISO/IEC12087. However, ISO/IEC12087 may be used by such applications. This part of ISO/IEC12087 fulfills the following purposes: a) It provides an overview of ISO/IEC12087; Figure 0.1 Data flow be
44、tween the application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF Figure 0.2 Classes of operations on imagesISO/IEC12087-1:1995(E) BSI 02-2000 3 b) It defines a Common Architecture for Imaging, an abstract architectural model for the representation and processing of image data. The purpose of this model is to de
45、fine a common set of data types and a common image representation for use with all other parts of ISO/IEC12087 and to provide a standardized framework upon which future imaging standards may be built, allowing simplified conversion of existing applications to the new standard. c) It defines rules to
46、 which conforming implementations shall adhere and the mechanism by which conformance is achieved. 1 Scope ISO/IEC 12087 is concerned with the manipulation, processing, and interchange of all types of digital images. The main purpose of this part is to define a generic, unifying imaging architecture
47、 to which other parts of ISO/IEC12087 conform. This part of ISO/IEC12087 also defines those “specializations” or “delineations” of the generic imaging architecture that are required to support IPI-PIKS and IPI-ITF. The relationship of the different parts of ISO/IEC12087 is shown inFigure 1. This par
48、t of ISO/IEC12087 describes material that applies throughout ISO/IEC12087, including topics such as data types available for use in image data and image-related data, and a model for the processing of digital images by operators. These topics are presented in a general form, since it is intended tha
49、t subsequent imaging standards will conform to the same architectural model. Derived from this general description are more constrained descriptions of the same topics. The principal reason for this process of delineation is to restrict the range of data representations for IPI-PIKS and IPI-IIF, while simultaneously ensuring that IPI-IIF is capable of interchanging both IPI-PIKS data objects and objects that cannot be represented or manipulated within IPI-PIKS. ISO/IEC12087 permits multi
