1、Standard Method of Test for Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) AASHTO Designation: T 164-141ASTM Designation: D2172/D2172M-11 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-2c T 1
2、64-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) AASHTO Designation: T 164-141ASTM Designation: D2172/D2172M-11 1. SCOPE 1.1. These methods cover the quantitative determination of asphalt binder in hot mix asphalt (HMA) and HMA pavement sam
3、ples. Aggregate obtained by these methods may be used for sieve analysis using T 30. 1.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety conce
4、rns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8. Note 1The results obtained by these methods may be
5、affected by the age of the material tested, with older samples tending to yield slightly lower asphalt binder contents. Best quantitative results are obtained when the test is made on HMA mixtures and pavements shortly after their preparation. It is difficult to remove all the asphalt binder when so
6、me aggregates are used; some solvent may remain within the mineral matter affecting the measured asphalt binder content. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials R 16, Regulatory Information for Chemicals Used in AASHTO Tests R 59, Recov
7、ery of Asphalt Binder from Solution by Abson Method T 30, Mechanical Analysis of Extracted Aggregate T 84, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate T 110, Moisture or Volatile Distillates in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) T 168, Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures T 228, Specific Gravity of Semi-Sol
8、id Asphalt Materials T 329, Moisture Content of Asphalt Mixtures by Oven Method 2.2. ASTM Standards: C670, Standard Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials D604, Standard Specification for Diatomaceous Silica Pigment (withdrawn 2003) D2111, St
9、andard Test Methods for Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 164-2 AASHTO D4080, Standard Specificatio
10、n for Trichloroethylene, Technical and Vapor-Degreasing Grade D6368, Standard Specification for Vapor-Degreasing Solvents Based on normal-Propyl Bromide and Technical Grade normal-Propyl Bromide 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions: 3.1.1. nominal maximum size (of aggregate)one size larger than the first
11、 sieve that retains more than 10 percent aggregate. 3.1.2. constant massshall be defined as the mass at which further drying does not alter the mass by more than 0.05 percent when weighed at 2-h intervals. 4. SUMMARY OF TEST METHODS 4.1. The HMA is extracted with trichloroethylene, normal-propyl bro
12、mide, or methylene chloride, using the extraction equipment applicable to the particular method. Terpene extractant may be used in Method A or E. The asphalt binder content is calculated by differences from the mass of the extracted aggregate, moisture content, and mineral matter in the extract. The
13、 asphalt binder content is expressed as a mass percent of moisture-free mixtures. 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1. All of the methods can be used for quantitative determinations of asphalt binder in HMA mixtures and pavement samples for specification acceptance, service evaluation, quality control, and
14、research. Each method prescribes the solvents and any other reagents that can be used in the method. R 59 requires that Method A or E (Note 2) and reagent-grade trichloroethylene be used when asphalt binder is recovered from solution. Note 2The vacuum extractor, Section 22.1.1, can be modified by a
15、vacuum trap attached to the top of the “end point” sight tube to collect the extract to allow its use for recoveries (Figure 4b). 6. APPARATUS 6.1. OvenCapable of maintaining the temperature at 110 5C (230 9F), for warming the sample. 6.2. OvenCapable of maintaining the temperature at 149 to 163C (3
16、00 to 325F), for drying the sample if the moisture content is not determined. 6.3. PanFlat, of appropriate size. 6.4. BalanceThe balance shall have sufficient capacity, be readable to 0.1 percent of the sample mass or better, and conform to the requirements of M 231. 6.5. CylindersGraduated, 1000- o
17、r 2000-mL capacity. 7. REAGENTS 7.1. Methylene ChlorideTechnical grade. Cautionsee Section 8. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 164-3 AASHTO 7.2. Normal-Propyl BromideConforming to
18、ASTM D6368see Section 8. 7.3. TrichloroethyleneReagent grade (Note 3) or conforming to ASTM D4080see Section 8. 7.4. TerpeneExtractant, shall be nonhalogenated, nontoxic, and shall readily dissolve asphalt binder from HMA and place it into solution. This extractant shall be easily rinsed from the re
19、maining aggregate without forming a gel, and the extractant rinsed from the aggregate shall pass readily through the diatomaceous earth and the filter. 7.5. When asphalt binder is intended to be extracted and then tested for additional properties, a reagent-grade solvent must be used (Note 3). Note
20、3Non-reagent-grade solvents may contain epoxy resins that may affect the properties of the recovered binder. In particular, certain acid modified binders may be affected by non-reagent-grade solvents. Note 4Only vented ovens should be used when terpene extractants are used. 8. PRECAUTIONS 8.1. The s
21、olvents listed in Section 7 should be used only under a hood or with an effective surface exhaust system in a well-ventilated area, because they are all toxic to some degree, as described in R 16. Trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, and normal-propyl bromide in the presence of heat and moisture m
22、ay form acids that are extremely corrosive to certain metals, particularly when subject to contact over lengthy periods of time. Proper precautions should be taken to not allow these solvents to remain in small quantities in the effluent tanks of aluminum vacuum extractors. 8.2. Trichloroethylene st
23、ored in a steel container and in continuous contact with moisture may decompose by dehydrohalogenation to form unsaturated hydrocarbon liquids and hydrogen chloride. Steel drums containing trichloroethylene should be stored in a cool, dry location, kept tightly sealed, and opened as infrequently as
24、possible. Trichloroethylene should be transferred from the drums to clean, dry, brown glass bottles for laboratory use. The hydrogen chloride in decomposed trichloroethylene may harden an asphalt during the extraction and Abson recovery test (R 59). 8.3. All local, state, and federal regulations mus
25、t be followed when hauling, using, storing, and discarding extractants and rinse water. These requirements include fire ordinances as well as wastewater treatment regulations. The Material Safety Data Sheet should be followed closely to avoid fires and explosions. Storage of extractant-soaked rags s
26、hould be prohibited. 9. SAMPLING 9.1. Obtain samples in accordance with T 168. 9.2. Preparation of Test Specimens: 9.2.1. If the HMA is not sufficiently soft to separate with a spatula or trowel, place it in a large, flat pan, and warm it in a 110 5C (230 9F) oven only until it can be handled or sep
27、arated. Split or quarter the material until the mass of material required for the test is obtained. 9.2.2. The size of the test sample shall be governed by the nominal maximum aggregate size of the HMA and conform to the mass requirement shown in Table 1 (Note 5). 2015 by the American Association of
28、 State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 164-4 AASHTO Table 1Size of Sample Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size Minimum Mass of Sample, kg mm in. 4.75 No. 4 0.5 9.5 3/8in. 1 12.5 1/2in. 1.5 19.0 3/4in. 2 25.0 1 in. 3 37.5 11/2in
29、. 4 Note 5When the mass of the test specimen exceeds the capacity of the equipment used (for a particular method), the test specimen may be divided into suitable increments, tested, and the results appropriately combined for calculation of asphalt binder content (Section 13). 9.2.3. Unless the HMA s
30、ample is free of moisture (Note 7), a test specimen is required for the determination of moisture (Section 10) in the HMA. Take this test specimen from the remaining sample in the HMA immediately after obtaining the extraction test specimen. Note 6If the extraction test is being performed only to re
31、cover asphalt binder from the HMA and the percent asphalt binder is not being determined, it is unnecessary to determine the moisture content of the HMA. Table 2Dimensional Equivalents mm in. mm in. mm in. 0.8 1/3242.9 111/16155.6 61/81.6 1/1644.5 13/4157.2 63/162.0 5/6447.6 17/8158.8 61/43.2 1/850.
32、8 2 163.5 67/164.0 5/3255.6 23/16165.1 61/24.8 3/1656.4 27/32187.3 73/85.6 7/3257.2 21/4203.2 8 6.4 1/458.7 25/16247.7 93/47.9 5/1663.5 21/2254.0 10 9.5 3/866.7 25/8257.2 101/812.7 1/271.4 213/16260.4 101/415.9 5/876.2 3 279.4 11 19.1 3/488.9 31/2304.8 12 25.4 1 95.3 33/4320.7 125/828.6 11/8101.6 4
33、330.2 13 30.2 13/16108.0 41/4342.9 131/235.7 113/32127.0 5 355.6 14 38.1 11/2138.1 57/16368.3 141/240.5 119/32149.2 57/8384.2 151/841.3 15/8152.4 6 393.7 151/247.6 17/8154.8 63/32406.4 16 0.9 mm 20 gauge 3.2 mm #8 B add 200 mL (or more as appropriate for the mass of the sample) of trichloroethylene,
34、 methylene chloride, normal-propyl bromide, or terpene extractant, and repeat the procedure. Use sufficient solvent additions (not less than three) until the extract is not darker than a light straw color (when viewed against a white background). Collect the extract and the washings in an appropriat
35、e container for mineral matter determination. Ream 19.1Drill 4.0Drill 15.9247.7 D.108.0 D.41.3 D.9.57.94.8247.7 D.203.2 D.30.2157.2 D.152.4 D.6.45.656.4Bowl1 Reg. cast aluminumBurnish all over1 Reg. cast aluminumCover PlateBurnish all over35.79.5127.057.255.628.66.4 2015 by the American Association
36、of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 164-7 AASHTO 12.5. Carefully transfer the filter ring and all of the aggregate in the centrifuge bowl into a tared metal pan. Dry in air under a hood until the fumes dissipate, and
37、 then to a constant mass in an oven at 110 5C (230 9F) (Notes 10 and 11). The mass of the extracted aggregate (W3) is equal to the mass of the contents in the pan minus the initial dry mass of the filter ring. Brush off mineral matter adhering to the surface of the filter ring, and add it to the ext
38、racted aggregate for further testing. Note 10The filter and aggregate may be left inside the centrifuge bowl and dried to constant mass in an oven at 110 5C (230 9F) and the mass determined. Note 11The filter ring may be dried separately to constant mass in an oven at 110 5C (230 9F) provided that c
39、are is taken not to lose any of the fine material clinging to the filter. If this procedure is used, the aggregate may then be dried to constant mass either in an oven or on a hot plate at 110 5C (230 9F). 12.5.1. Use the following alternative procedure when low-ash filter rings are used. Place the
40、aggregate and filter rings in a clean metal pan. Dry as specified above. Carefully fold the dried filter ring and stand it on the aggregate. Burn the filter ring. Determine the mass of the extracted aggregate in the pan (W3). Note 12Because dry aggregate absorbs moisture when exposed to air containi
41、ng moisture, determine the mass of the extracted aggregate immediately after cooling to a suitable temperature. 12.6. Determine the amount of mineral matter in the extract by one of the procedures specified in Annex A1. 13. CALCULATION OF ASPHALT BINDER CONTENT ( ) ( )12 3412asphalt binder content,
42、% 100WW WWWW+= (1) where: W1 = mass of test portion; W2 = mass of water in test portion; W3 = mass of extracted mineral aggregate; and W4 = mass of mineral matter in the extract. Note 13When ashless filter rings are not used, add the increase in mass of the felt ring to W4. Note 14When it is desired
43、 to express the asphalt binder content as a mass percent of the moisture-free aggregate, substitute the mass W3+ W4for the mass W1 W2in the divisor of Equation 1. TEST METHOD B 14. APPARATUS 14.1. In addition to the apparatus listed in Section 6, the following apparatus is required for Test Method B
44、: 14.1.1. Extraction ApparatusSimilar to that shown in Figure 2. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 164-8 AASHTO Figure 2Extraction Apparatus (Method B) 14.1.1.1. Glass JarCylindrica
45、l, plain, made of heat-resistant glass. The jar shall be free of cracks, scratches, or other evidence of flaws that might cause breakage during heating. 14.1.1.2. Cylindrical Metal FramesOne or two. The lower frame shall have legs of sufficient length to support the frame, including the apex of the
46、metal cone and paper cone liner above the solvent level. When two frames are used, the upper frame shall have legs of sufficient length to support the metal cone and paper cone liner at or above the top rim of the lower frame. The legs of the upper frame shall fit securely in the top rim of the lowe
47、r frame. A bail handle may be provided on the inside of the top rim of each frame for convenient handling. The metal used in fabricating the frames shall be essentially unreactive to the solvents used in the test. 14.1.1.3. CondenserFabricated with a truncated hemispherical condensing surface and a
48、truncated conical top. Other suitable geometric shapes may also be used, provided they accomplish the condensing and flow functions intended. The material used in fabricating the condenser shall be essentially unreactive to water and to the solvent used and shall be provided with a suitable water in
49、let and outlet. 14.1.1.4. Filter PaperMedium-grade, fast-filtering. The diameter of the paper shall be such that when folded in accordance with the directions given below, it shall completely line the metal cones in the frames. 14.1.1.5. Thermal Distributing Protective PadApproximately 3 mm (0.1 in.) thick for use as insulation between the glass jar and hot plates. 14.1.1.6. Electric Hot PlateThermostatically controlled, of sufficient dimensions and heat capacity to perm
