1、 STD. Were CSA. If certification and testing is a factor in marketing your companys products, call us. If superior service and attention to your companys needs are important to you, talk to us. If new business opportunities here at home or around the globe are in your plans, meet with us. At CSA, yo
2、u get the marks you need to compete. Find out why our customers consistently tell us our service is better than our competitors. Call. Well give you a world of reasons to give us your business. CSA. We deliver more than you expect. Call 1-800-463-6727 or visit www.csa.ca (Circle No. 4 on Reader Serv
3、ice Card) STD-ASHRAE JOURN 40-9 GWR-ENGL 1798 0759b50 0539705 537 H OVER AND ABOVE THE BEST TEE-BAR AIR CONDITIONING YOU NOT IN YOUR WAY! PUT IN YOUR CEILING - Tee-Bar Space Coolers are for drop ceilings and within a 2 x 4 opening for varying sensible, latent and total heat space requirements. Packa
4、ged self-contained design under ETL approval. Electric 1-60-2081230 Volt or 1-50-220 Volt. All units factory tested for 60 minutes. 1/2 - 3/4 TON 1.0 TON 1.5 TON VERSATILITY of Space AIR Distribution BAR TYPE GRILLE I DIFFUSER TYPE GRILLE 2.0 TON 3.0 TON COIL COMPANY INC., Colwyn, Pennsylvania 19023
5、 (USA) E Mail: Website: 800-523-7590 + 610-461-6100 + FAX: 610-532-1289 (Circle No. 5 on Reader Service Card) Page 23: Global Warming Page 49: Refrigeration System GI o ba I Wa rm i ng I m pl ica ti ons of Replacing Ozone - De pl et ng Ref rig era n ts By Van Baxter, FIE., Steve Fischer, and James
6、 R. Sand, Ph.D. 23 By William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., PE. Turbine Inlet Air Cooling 32 A Low-Cost, High-Performance Lab HVAC Design By Habib U. Khawia, PEng. 39 Retrofit at Art Museum By Jim Dawson, PEng., and Chris W A. Fredericks Refrigeration System Replacement in a Manufacturing Operation By Alf
7、red E. Guntermann, FE. 49 Commentary 5 . 8 12 Letters 14 Washington Report . Meetings and Shows 20 Literature 56 People . 57 Focus on Test and Measurement Instruments 58 Products . 64 Classified Advertising Advertising index . Reader Service Card I -* ;w il and William Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Mem
8、ber ASFIRAE, covers the uses and benefits of turbine inlet air cooling. Also featured are two 1998 ASHRAE Technology Award projects. In one, James W. Dawson, P.Eng., Member ASHRAE, covers a retrofit project in amuseum. In the other, Alfred E. Guntermann, P.E., Fellow ASI-IRAE, describes a project to
9、 replace an indus- trial refrigeration system in a manufacturing plant. Have a great month. September 1998 Asia Crisis Having Global Impact BERKS”3,U.K.-World air-conditioning sales are expected to fall 7% in 1998, from $33.2 billion in I997 to $30.8 billion, because of economic problems in the Far
10、East and Oceania. An extensive market survey by the U.K.s Building Services Rcsearch and Information Association (BSRIA) and Japan Air Conditioning and Refrigeration News (JAW) says this region accounted for 5 1 % of the world market in 1997. Sales in the the region are expected to fall 17% in 1998,
11、 from $17.3 billion to $14.2 billion, with significant the high-volume factories in these regions are scrambling for fresh markets. Japan, Korea and China are the largest markets for PAC minisplits, but are joined by a sophisticated UK mar- ket and, to a lesser extent, Italy and Spain. Moveables is
12、a small, stable market. These products are considered temporary, low-cost solutions before a fixed instal- lation, often a minisplit. This market is basically limited to Eu- rope, Japan and China. v declines in the five major mar- Chillers ket sectors. billion The world market for cen- The report sa
13、ys some of trifugal chillers was $4 billion in 1997 with the U.S. ac- this decline will be offset by growth in other parts of the counting for 43%. The other world. The Indian subconti- main markets are in the Far nent is roaring ahead at 15% East. The world market for per year and Latin America has
14、 absorption chillers is more emerged from years of dol- concentrated with nine coun- diunis and is growing 7-8% a tries controlling 99%. Four billion billion year. Europe, which remains an Key countries in the Far East and the estimated change countries-Japan, China, immature market for air condi- f
15、rom 1997. Column at right shows estimated 7998 produc- Korea and the U.S.- tioning, is growing 6-7% over- tion in U.S. dollars. account for 90%. all, with particularly strong Reciprocating, screw and performance from Central Europe (1 0% a year). scroll chillers are the fastest-growing markets, expa
16、nding glo- Other promising markets include parts of Africa, especially bally at 4% a year. The big markets reflect the worlds biggest South Africa, and Vietnam, which is growing at 18% a year. economies. These include the big five European markets, the The five-volume report covers 94 countries and
17、costs $750,000 U.S. and the key Asian markets-Japan, China, Taiwan and to produce. It is based on data that includes 1,866 interviews with India. industry Icaders. Here are some of the highlights. Supply Structure Unitary Products Residential Products: An analysis of the main suppliers The largest m
18、arket in the world is the U.S., which is growing across 94 countries shows that Carrier and the main Japanese 2.5-3% a year. A key feature is the immense unitary market at companies have the greatest “country reach” for residential $6.3 billion. This market is mostly comprised of rooftop and product
19、s, windows, minisplits and moveables. The Japanese ducted split units. Almost all homes in North America have players with a significant presence in many countries are ducts, a feature not found anywhere else. This explains why Matsushita, Daiken, Toshiba, Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi the U.S. ac
20、counts or 80% of the world market for these prod- Heavy, Fujitsu, Sanyo andHitachi. Other players include Sharp, U.S.-based companies with widespread and significant ac- tivity are York, Trane, Fedders, Whirpool and Frigidaire. Middle Eastern players include Tadiran, Electra (includes Airwell), Ales
21、sa, Nisma, Pearl and Amtrex (India). De Longhi, Airedale, Argo and Ciat are the main European players. Unitary: US. companies dominate the global market foruni- tary products. The main players are Carrier, Trane, York, Chillers: The chiller picture is similar to unitary in that Car- rier, Trane and
22、York are very strong, along with McQuay and Dunham Bush. Others include Daiken, Hitachi, and a few other Japanese companies. The European players with significant activities in other countries are Ciat, Clivet, Climaveneta, Blue Fox, RC and Rhoss. ucts, and also explains the absence of a minisplit m
23、arket. Fuji, Samsung and LG. 1 Windows, Min isplits, Moveables The US. also accounts for 30% of the worlds window mar- ket. This market is confined mainly to Brazil, Saudi Arabia, India and parts of the Far East, notably China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Elsewhere, window units have lost out to minisplit
24、s. Minisplits dominate in Japan, Asia and the Middle East, but criteria. This market is segmented into RAC (room air condition- ing) minisplits for residential applications, and PAC (packaged air conditioning) minisplits for the professional market. The immense RAC minisplit market is dominated by J
25、apan, China and other parts of the Far East. Sales for 1998 in the Far East are projected to be 1.2 million units lower than 1997 and not in other parts of the world where cooling capaciy is the main Goodman, Lennox, Rheem and (Malaysian-owned) McQuay. c 8 ASH RAE Jou rna I September 1998 Boiler Fat
26、alities Rise COLUMBUS, OhieThere were 18 fatal injuries from accidents involving boilers and pressure vessels in 1997, an 80% in- crease from 1 O reported in 1996 and the highest number of deaths since 24 were reported in 1988. According to the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
27、, 12 of the 18 deaths were caused by human error. The leading causes of death were operator errodpoor maintenance (9) and improper installation (3). Almost half of all accidents (1,198) were caused by low water conditions. The second leading cause (493 accidents) was operator er- rorlpoor maintenanc
28、e. The Marvair Scholar II heat pump is ideal for any classroom environment. Not only is the Scholar II quieter than other packaged units, but it also blends nicely with any school room decor. Built with a quiet compressor, thick panel insulation and large air movers, the Scholar II is so quiet that
29、youll forget its in the classroom. So, students can concentrate on what the teacher is saying not on the loud roar of an air conditioning unit. And with the Scholar II, there are no external units, just an exterior grille that blends effortlessly into the architectural style of any building. When in
30、stalled with the optional Marvair Greenwheel heat recovery ventilator, or other of our ventilation options, the Scholar II can provide plenty of fresh air to meet ASHRAE standards. The unit also features an excellent cooling SEER. So, if its quiet fresh air and unobtrusive good looks that youre sear
31、ching for in an HVAC unit to complete a classroom, youll pass the test with the Marvair Scholar II. AIRXCEL Inc 3285 SATURN COURT NW, NORCROSS, GA 30092 PHONE: 770-734-9696 FAX: 770-453-9323 E-MAIL: SALESMARVAIR.COM (Circle No. 9 on Reader Service Card) 10 ASHRAE Journal Millennium Moratorium? WASHI
32、NGTON-The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) In- ternational is asking President Clinton to move the federal New Years holiday in 1999 horn Friday, Dec. 31, to Monday, Jan. 3. The move, BOMA says, will give facility managers 72 hours to remedy un- foreseen problems stemming from build-
33、ing systems that incorrectly interpret “00” as representing the Year 1900 instead of 2000. Thailand Sees Potential BANGKOK-Thailand has a relatively small WAC industry, but the country sees great potential for expansion and has or- ganized Bangkok Reftigeration, Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditio
34、ning (Bangkok RHVAC 98) to promote the Thai cooling industry to the world market. The event on Sept. 23-27 in Bangkok will feature hun- dreds of HVAC Heat Boosts ”g Rcfiic.ration (rR1) iacioi? hpmcnt of unitdry un condi- i“ner and heat punls 8377683 unit in June. a neu. iecord for a month. 1 he mial
35、 cclipci ihc i-ccoi-d of730,692 (” va units that was set in June 1996. For the first six months of 1998, shipments are up 1 1% over the first six months of 1997. Firms Join AMCA Program ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, 111.-The Air Movement and Control Association In- ternational has announced that four more comp
36、anies have joined its certified rat- ings program. The companies are United Enertech Corporation of Chattanooga, Tenn.; Munters Corporation of Fort Myers, Fla.; Nutone of Cincinnati; and TAE-IL Blower Manufacturing Company of Kyunggi-Do, South Korea. The pro- gram provides independent verification o
37、f a products performance ratings and certifies that the ratings are based on tests that conform to an appropriate AMCA test standard. AMCA publishes each January a Directory of Products Licensed to Use the AMCA Certified Ratings Seal. National Engineers Week ALEXANDRIA, Va.-National Engi- neers Week
38、 in 1999 will feature many new activities but its keeping its same objec- tive: to inspire the best and brightest stu- dents to consider a career in engineer- ing. Next years week is Feb. 21-27 and will include the Future Cities Competi- tion. This event lets middle students com- pete for trips to W
39、ashington by design- ing future urban centers on paper, then as 3-D scale models. To learn more about Engineers Week, visit www.eweek.org. Echelon Announces IPO PALO ALTO, Calif.-Echelon Corporation has announced an initial public offering of 5 million shares at $7 a share. In addition, the company
40、has granted the underwriters an option to buy an additional 750,000 shares to cover any over-allotments. Ech- elon provides a range on control-nehvork- ing products. A prospectus is available by Calluig415-627-2220, September 1998 ORGET A Vaisaias Remarkably Stable CO2 Transmitters Take The Worry Ou
41、t Of IAQ Measurement So stable they only require calibration every five years, silicon-based CAREOCAP9 breakthrough self-compensating sensor technology provides superior stability, accuracy, and temperature dependence. Call, fax or send for FREE Brochure on the energy saving CARBOCAP transmitters. O
42、r visit our online catalog at . DUCI Mounted Accuracy that lasts. 100 Commerce Way, Woburn, MA 01801 Tel: (888) VAISALA Fax: (781) 933-8029 (Circle No. 10 on Reader Service Card) ASHRAE Journal 11 FORUM Gen e tic Algo rith rns Computation und Evolution ncw technoiogy is emerging that might reshape
43、the These are some of the direct ways that genetic algorithms way engineers apply skills and produce products. The arc changing the practice of engineering, and we are seeing science is known by names such as “genetic” and similar examples sprouting in almost every subdiscipline of the “evolutionary
44、” computation because it uses the same profession. descent-with-modification process at the heart of Daiwins The second way that genetic and evolutionary computation is theories. This time, however, computers manipulate solutions changing engineering is more indirect, but possibly more pro- to probl
45、ems, weighing each possibil- found. In a way, when you look at the ity against some user-defined notion details ofthe mechanics of genetic and of solution fitness or adequacy until evolutionary computation, there is a an option is found that best meets an great deal of similasi to the processes obje
46、ctive. Its a type of survival of of human innovation and creativity. the fittest, and its use in industry is Sometimes people make innovations growing. with small point changes, like the con- The July 27 issue of U.S. News and tinual improvement of quality methods. World Report cites several uses. I
47、n genetic algorithms, the mecha- Boeing Co.s 777 airliner, for example, nism of mutation gives us these small has an engine whose turbine geom- incremental changes to our current etry evolved insidc a computer. Eli best solutions. Sometimes people in- Lilly and other pharmaceuticals use novate with
48、bolder, discontinuous directed evolution to find catalysts steps, combine the best of different that produce dnigs faster. John Deere approaches to the problem. In ge- 800 777 8356 651 490 271 1 Fax: 651 490 2874 -mai/: emcoQtsi com Web site: (Circle No. 13 on Reader Service Card) 14 ASH RAE Jou rn
49、a I September 1998 STD-ASHRAE JOURN 40-9 GUR-ENGL of utilizing “thermal” velocity sensors unless compensation can be assured over the full range of sensed temperatures. Although the sensitivity and resolution of differential pressure trans- ducers have improved dramatically, it should be recognized that a 5 mph (8 kmk) wind equals a velocity pressure of 0.012 in. w.g. (3 Pa). Mr. Stanke states that the velocity pressure they are co
