1、ENERGEN Report Number AS20151Determine Aircraft Supply Air Contaminants in theEngine Bleed Air Supply Systemon Commercial AircraftPrepared forAmerican Society for Heating,Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers1791 Tullie Circle, NE,Atlanta, GA 30329-2305Under Research Project No. 959-RPPrepar
2、ed byNiren L. Nagda, Ph.D.Harry E. Rector, B.S.Zhidong Li, Ph.D.Elwood H. Hunt, B.S.ENERGEN Consulting, Inc.19900 Wild Cherry LaneGermantown, MD 20874March 2001This file is licensed to Ashrae Associate (associateashrae.org). This download was made available with support from ASHRAE. Copyright ASHRAE
3、 2017.iACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors are indebted to the ASHRAE Project Monitoring Subcommittee of TC 9.3Transportation Air Conditioning, particularly Byron Jones of Kansas State University(chair), Richard Fox of Honeywell, and David Space of Boeing for reviewing the projectdesign and providing valuab
4、le comments. Laboratory analytical services were providedby ENERGENs subcontractor, Performance Analytical, Inc., under the direction ofMichael Tuday.Assistance from the Boeing Commercial Airplane Group is gratefully acknowledged forproviding electromagnetic interference (EMI) testing and certificat
5、ion of the instrumentpackage used in field measurements. The field measurements could not have beenaccomplished without the cooperation and assistance of United Airlines as coordinatedby Clayton Satterlee and facilitated by Maurice Cookson. We are also grateful to thecabin and cockpit crews and pass
6、engers of the flights tested for their cooperation in thisresearch.This file is licensed to Ashrae Associate (associateashrae.org). This download was made available with support from ASHRAE. Copyright ASHRAE 2017.iiTABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iEXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi1. INTRODUCTION 111.1 Backgrou
7、nd 111.2 Objectives and Rationale 171.3 This Rep ort 171.4 References 172. METHODOLOGY 2-12.1 Aircraft Selection 2-12.2 Measurement System 2-32.2.1 Real-Time Analyzers 2-52.2.2 Integrated Samples 2-62.2.3 Systems Integration 2-82.2.4 Monitoring Schedule 2-82.3 Quality Assurance 2-92.4 Electromagneti
8、c Interference Testing 2-112.5 References 2-113. RESULTS AND FINDINGS 3-13.1 Physical Data 3-13.1.1 Aircraft and Study Flight Characteristics 3-13.1.2 Cabin Pressure Altitude 3-23.1.3 Air Supply and Cabin Temperature 3-23.1.4 Relative Humidity in the Supply Air and in the Cabin 3-33.2 Contaminant Da
9、ta 3-33.2.1 Carbon Dioxide 3-33.2.2 Carbon Monoxide 3-43.2.3 Particulate Matter 3-43.2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 3-43.2.5 Aldehydes and Ketones 3-63.2.6 Semivolatile Organic Compounds 3-63.3 Analys is 3-73.3 References 3-94. CONCLUSIONS 4-1This file is licensed to Ashrae Associate (associateashra
10、e.org). This download was made available with support from ASHRAE. Copyright ASHRAE 2017.iiiLIST OF TABLESTable 1-1. Comparison of Aircraft Cabin Air Quality withRegulatio ns and Guidelines 13Table 2-1. Summary of Selected Aircraft Engine Types andAssociated Airframe Series 2-2Table 2-2. Aircraft In
11、cluded for Air Quality Monitoring 2-3Table 2-3. Summary Characteristics of Measurement System 2-4Table 2-4. Calibration Summary. 2-9Table 3-1. Flight and Aircraft Information 3-11Table 3-2. Crew and Passenger Capacity by Study Flight 3-11Table 3-3. Propulsion and Power Systems 3-11Table 3-4. Standar
12、d Atmosphere 3-12Table 3-5. Summary Statistics for Cabin Temperature, F 3-12Table 3-6. Summary Statistics for Cabin Relative Humidity, %RH 3-13Table 3-7. Summary Statistics for Carbon Dioxide, ppm 3-13Table 3-8. Summary Statistics for Carbon Monoxide, ppm 3-14Table 3-9. Summary Performance Tests for
13、 PM10 and PM2.5 3-14Table 3-10. Maximum VOC Concentrations, g/m 3-15Table 3-11. Contributions to Sum of VOCs, g m -3 3-16Table 3-12. Data Summary for Aldehydes and Ketones, g m -3 3-17Table 3-13. Data Summary for Semivolatile Organic Compounds, g m -3 3-17Table 3-14. Exposure Criteria 3-18Table 3-15
14、 Comparisons of Data to Health-Based Levels of Concern 3-18Table 3-16. Percent Error by Sample Size for Estimating Average Concentration 3-18This file is licensed to Ashrae Associate (associateashrae.org). This download was made available with support from ASHRAE. Copyright ASHRAE 2017.ivLIST OF FIG
15、URESFigure 1-1 Simplified Schematic of an Air Supply Systemfor a Typical Commercial Airliner. 15Figure 2-1 Monitoring Equipment Packed for Field Transport. 2-13Figure 2-2 Work Area During Monitoring. 2-14Figure 2-3 Schematic of Continuous Monitoring System. 2-15Figure 2-4 Schematic of Integrated Mon
16、itoring System. 2-15Figure 2-5 Sample Lines for Monitoring Bleed Air. 2-16Figure 2-6 Nominal Duration of Sampling With Altitude. 2-16Figure 2-7 Example of Sample Label. 2-17Figure 2-8 Example of Custody Log. 2-17Figure 2-9 Calibration Results for CO. 2-18Figure 2-10 Calibration Results for CO 2 . 2-
17、19Figure 2-11 Calibration Results for Relative Humidity. 2-20Figure 2-12 Pressure Correction Factors. 2-21Figure 2-13 EMI Testing of Air Quality Monitoring Equipment. 2-22Figure 3-1 Profiles of Cabin Pressure Altitude for Study Flights 1 and 2. 3-19Figure 3-2 Profiles of Cabin Pressure Altitude for
18、Study Flights 3 and 4. 3-20Figure 3-3 Profiles of Cabin Pressure Altitude for Study Flights 5 and 6. 3-21Figure 3-4 Profiles of Cabin Pressure Altitude for Study Flights 7 and 8. 3-22Figure 3-5 Profiles of Cabin Pressure Altitude for Study Flights 9 and 10. 3-23Figure 3.6 Typical Profile of Cabin Te
19、mperature. 3-24Figure 3-7 Typical Profile of Relative Humidity in the Bleed Air System. 3-25Figure 3-8 Typical Profile of Relative Humidity in Cabin. 3-26Figure 3-9 Typical Carbon Dioxide Profile for Bleed Air. 3-27Figure 3-10 Typical Carbon Dioxide Profile for Cabin Air. 3-27Figure 3-11 Typical Car
20、bon Monoxide Profile for Bleed Air. 3-28Figure 3-12 Typical Carbon Monoxide Profile for Cabin Air. 3-29Figure 3-13 Duplicate Samples for VOCs, SVOCs, and Aldehydes Model GFM 171) whose output is pressure-corrected. Consequently, these categories of data required no altitude adjustments.2.4 Electroma
21、gnetic Interference TestingThe complete setup of the Air Quality Monitoring Equipment was tested forelectromagnetic interference (EMI) through a cooperative arrangement with Boeing. Theinstrument packages is illustrated in Figure 2-13. EMI testing addressed both conducted andradiated electromagnetic
22、 emissions. All EMI levels generated by the Air Quality MonitoringEquipment were found to be well below the Flight Test EMI limit levels (Berg, Heidergott, andJang, 1998). Minor excursions were noted, but these occurred in frequency bands that do notcorrelate with any known aircraft frequency bands
23、in current use. Consequently, the instrumentpackage was released for our use with no additional needs for shielding. A certificate recordingthese findings was carried on the study flights to satisfy regulatory requirements.2.5 ReferencesASTM, 1999. Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol. 11.03, ASTM, W
24、est Conshohocken, PA.AW&ST, 1997, Outlook/Specifications Commercial Aircraft, Aviation Week & SpaceTechnology , January 13, 1997, pp 43-46.Berg, W.D. K.W. Heidergott, and T.W. Jang, 1998. Flight Test Qualification Testing of AirQuality Monitoring Equipment (ASHRAE 959 Bleed Air Testing), B-XT52-M98-
25、060, AirborneData Systems Requirements, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle, WA.Koontz, M.D., L.L. Niang, N.L. Nagda. And R.W. Krug, 1996. Protocols for Assessing Pressure-Induced Spillage From Gas-Fired Furnaces and Water Heaters. Report No. GRI-96/0266, GasResearch Institute, Chicago, IL.Thi
26、s file is licensed to Ashrae Associate (associateashrae.org). This download was made available with support from ASHRAE. Copyright ASHRAE 2017.2-12Lippmann, M., 1995. Size-Selective Health Hazard Sampling. In: Cohen, B.S., and S.V. Hering(eds.), Air Sampling Instruments , 8th edition, ACGIH, Cincinn
27、ati, OH, pp. 80-119.Lodge, J.P., Ed., 1989. Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis , Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.Nagda, N. L., Rector, H. E., Li, Z., and Space, D. R., 2000. Aircraft Cabin Air Quality: AReview of Past Studies. In: Air Quality and Comfort in Airliner Cabins , In: ASTM STP 1393,N. L.
28、Nagda, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.Nagda, N.L., and H.E. Rector, 2001. Instruments and Methods for Measuring Indoor Air Quality.In: Indoor Air Quality Handbook , (Spengler, Samet, and McCarthy, Eds.) McGraw-Hill, Inc.,New York, NY.Nagda, N. L., Fortmann, R.
29、 C., Koontz, M. D., Baker, S. R., and M.E. Ginnevan, 1989. AirlinerCabin Environment: Contaminant Measurements, Health Risks, and Mitigation Options , DOT-P-15-89-5, U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC.Nagda, N.L., H.E. Rector, and M.D. Koontz. 1987. Guidelines
30、 for Monitoring Indoor AirQuality. Hemisphere Publications, New York, NY.USEPA. 1988. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds inAmbient Air, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.USEPA. 1990. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Ai
31、r Pollutants in Indoor Air.Report No. EPA/600/4-90/010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research andDevelopment, Research Triangle Park, NC.USEPA. 1998. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. ReportNo. EPA-600t4-77/027a, Office of Air Quality Planning and S
32、tandards, USEPA, ResearchTriangle Park, NC.Westerinen, A. and B.B. Reisman, 1996. Study to Determine the Effect of Moisture on VolatileOrganic Compound Recovery Rates for Thru-The-Probe Audits into Stainless Steel Canisters.U.S. EPA / Air & Waste Management Association International Symposium on Mea
33、surement ofToxic and Related Air Pollutants, Research Triangle Park, NC.Wilson, A.L., M. Kleinman, S.D. Colome, C.W. Spicer, and R. Hedrick. 1992. CommonHousehold Products as Sources of Interference in the Electrochemical Detection of CarbonMonoxide: Problem Identification and Resolution. Paper No. 92-145.05, 85 th Meeting of the Air& Waste Management Association, Kansas City, MO.This file is licensed to Ashrae Associate (associateashrae.org). This download was made available with support from ASHRAE. Copyright ASHRAE 2017.
