1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 104及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Connection between Culture and Thought A The worlds population has surpassed 7 billion and continues to grow. Across the globe, humans have many
2、differences. These differences can be influenced by factors such as geography, climate, politics, nationality, and many more. Culture is one such aspect that can change the way people behave. B Your culture may influence your clothing, your language, and many aspects of your life. But is culture inf
3、luential enough to change the way an individual thinks? It has long been believed that people from different cultures would think differently. For example, a young boy from a farm would talk about cows while a boy from New York will talk about cars. If two young children from different countries are
4、 asked about their thoughts about a painting, they would answer differently because of their cultural backgrounds. C In recent years, there has been new research that changed this long-held belief; However, this new research is not the first to explore the idea that culture can change the way we thi
5、nk. Earlier research has provided valuable insight to the question. One of the earliest research projects was carried out in the Soviet Union. This project was designed to find out whether culture would affect peoples way of thought processing. The researchers focused on how living environment and n
6、ationality might influence how people think. The experiment led by Bessett aimed to question such awareness of cognitive psychology. Bessett conducted several versions of the experiment to test different cognitive processes. D One experiment led by Bessett and Masuku showed an animated video picturi
7、ng a big fish swimming among smaller fish and other sea creatures. Subjects were asked to describe the scene. The Japanese participants tended to focus on the aquatic background, such as the plants and colour of the water, as well as the relationship between the big and small fish. American particip
8、ants tended to focus on individual fishes, mainly the larger, more unique looking fish. The experiment suggested that members of Eastern cultures focus more on the overall picture, while members of Western culture focus more on the individuals. E In another experiment performed by Bessett and Choi,
9、the subjects were presented with some very convincing evidence for a position. Both the Korean and the American showed strong support. And after they were given some evidence opposing the position, the Korean started to modified or decreased their support. However, the American began to give more su
10、pport to the former argument. This project suggested that in Korean culture, support for arguments is based on context. Ideas and conclusions are changeable and flexible, so an individual may be more willing to change his or her mind. For Americans, they were less willing to change their original co
11、nclusion. F Bessett and Ara devised an experiment to test the thought processing of both oriental and occidental worlds. Test subject was given an argument “All animals with furs hibernate. Rabbit has fur. Therefore, rabbit hibernate“. People from the eastern world questioned the argument as not bei
12、ng logical, because in their knowledge some furry animals just dont hibernate. But the American think the statement is right. They assume the logic deduction is based on a correct argument, thus the conclusion is right since the logic is right. G From these early experiments in the Soviet Union, one
13、 might conclude that our original premise that culture can impact the way we think was still correct. However, recent research criticises this view, as well as Bessetts early experiments. Though these experiments changed the original belief on thought processing, how much does it result from all fac
14、tors needs further discussion. Fischer thinks Bessetts experiments provide valuable information because his research only provides qualitative descriptions, not results from controlled environment. Chang partly agrees with him, because there are some social factors that might influence the results.
15、H Another criticism of Bessetts experiments is that culture was studied as a sub-factor of nationality. The experiments assumed that culture would be the same among all members of a nationality. For example, every American that participated in the experiments could be assumed to have the same cultur
16、e. In reality, culture is much more complicated than nationality. These early experiments did not control for other factors, such as socioeconomic status, education, ethnicity, and regional differences in culture. All of these factors could have a big effect on the individuals response. I A third cr
17、iticism of Bessetts experiment is that the content itself should have been more abstract, such as a puzzle or an IQ test. With objective content, such as nature and animals, people from different countries of the world might have different pre-conceived ideas about these animals. Prior knowledge bas
18、ed on geographic location would further complicate the results. A test that is more abstract, or more quantitative, would provide a more controlled study of how cognitive processing works for different groups of people. J The research on cultures effect on cognitive processing still goes on today, a
19、nd while some criticisms exist of Bessetts early studies, the projects still provide valuable insight. It is important for future research projects to control carefully for the variables, such as culture. Something like culture is complex and difficult to define. It can also be influenced by many ot
20、her variables, such as geography or education styles. When studying a variable like culture, it is critical that the researcher create a clear definition for what is and what is not considered culture. K Another important aspect of modern research is the ethical impact of the research. A researcher
21、must consider carefully whether the results of the research will negatively impact any of the groups involved. In an increasingly globalised job economy, generalisations made about nationalities can be harmful to prospective employees. This information could also impact the way tests and university
22、admissions standards are designed, which would potentially favor one group or create a disadvantage for another. When conducting any research about culture and nationality, researchers should consider all possible effects, positive or negative, that their conclusions may have when published for the
23、world to see. Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has eleven paragraphs, A-K. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1 All people have the same reaction to a certain point of view. 2
24、Qualitative descriptions are valuable in exploring thought processing. 3 Different cultures will affect the description of the same scene. 4 We thought of young people as widely different at different geographical locations. 5 Eastern people are less likely to stick to their argument. 5 Look at the
25、following statements (Questions 6-9) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-C. Write the correct letter, A-C, in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. List of Researchers A Bessett & Masuku B Bessett & Choi C Bessett
26、 &Ara 6 Geographical location affects peoples position on certain arguments. 7 Animated images reveal different process strategies. 8 Eastern people challenge a deduction because they knew it is not true. 9 Eastern people find more difficulty when asked to identify the same object. 9 Complete the se
27、ntences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10 Researchers in the Soviet Union wanted to find out how_and nationality will control the way people think. 11 Bessett and Aras experiment shows, for Americans, so
28、long as the logic deduction is based on a correct argument, the_should be right. 12 Fischer thinks Bessetts research is quite valuable because it is conducted in a _way rather than in controlled environment. 13 Future researchers on cultures effect on cognitive processing should start with a_of cult
29、ure as a variable. 13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Eco-Resort Management Practices Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source of tourists. In addition to providing
30、the traditional resort-leisure product, it has been argued that ecotourism resort management should have a particular focus on best-practice environmental management, an educational and interpretive component, and direct and indirect contributions to the conservation of the natural and cultural envi
31、ronment (Ayala, 1996). Couran Cove Island Resort is a large integrated ecotourism-based resort located south of Brisbane on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. As the worlds population becomes increasingly urbanised, the demand for tourist attractions which are environmentally friendly, serene an
32、d offer amenities of a unique nature has grown rapidly. Couran Cove Resort, which is one such tourist attractions, is located on South Stradbroke Island, occupying approximately 150 hectares of the island. South Stradbroke Island is separated from the mainland by the Broadwater, a stretch of sea 3 k
33、ilometres wide. More than a century ago, there was only one Stradbroke Island, and there were at least four Aboriginal tribes living and hunting on the island. Regrettably, most of the original island dwellers were eventually killed by diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox and influenza by the end
34、 of the 19th century. The second ship wrecked on the island in 1894, and the subsequent destruction of the ship (the Cambus Wallace) because it contained dynamite, caused a large crater in the sandhills on Stradbroke Island. Eventually, the ocean broke through the weakened land form and Stradbroke b
35、ecame two islands. Couran Cove Island Resort is built on one of the worlds few naturally-occurring sand lands, which is home to a wide range of plant communities and one of the largest remaining remnants of the rare livistona rainforest left on the Gold Coast. Many mangrove and rainforest areas, and
36、 Malaleuca Wetlands on South Stradbroke Island (and in Queensland), have been cleared, drained or filled for residential, industrial, agricultural or urban development in the first half of the 20th century. Farmers and graziers finally abandoned South Stradbroke Island in 1939 because the vegetation
37、 and the soil conditions there were not suitable for agricultural activities. SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF COURAN COVE RESORT Being located on an offshore island, the resort is only accessible by means of water transport. The resort provides hourly ferry service from the marina on the mainland to and fr
38、om the island. Within the resort, transport modes include walking trails, bicycle tracks and the beach train. The reception area is the counter of the shop which has not changed for 8 years at least. The accommodation is an octagonal “Bure“. These are large rooms that are clean but the equipment is
39、tired and in some cases just working. Our ceiling fan only worked on high speed for example. Beds are hard but clean. There is a television, a radio, an old air conditioner and a small fridge. These “Bures“ are right on top of each other and night noises do cany, so be careful what you say and do. T
40、he only tiling is the mosquitoes, but if you forget to bring mosquito repellant they sell some on the island. As an ecotourism-based resort, most of the planning and development of the attraction has been concentrated on the need to co-exist with the fragile natural environment of South Stradbroke I
41、sland to achieve sustainable development. WATER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT South Stradbroke Island has groundwater at the centre of the island, which has a maximum height of 3 metres above sea level. The water supply is recharged by rainfall and is commonly known as an uncon-fined freshwater aquifer. Cou
42、ran Cove Island Resort obtains its water supply by tapping into tins aquifer and extracting it via a bore system. Some of the problems which have threatened the islands freshwater supply include pollution, contamination and over-consumption. In order to minimise some of these problems, all laundry a
43、ctivities are carried out on the mainland. The resort considers washing machines as onerous to the islands freshwater supply, and that the detergents contain a high level of phosphates which are a major source of water pollution. The resort uses LPG-power generation rather than a diesel-powered plan
44、t for its energy supply, supplemented by wind turbine, which has reduced greenhouse emissions by 70% of diesel-equivalent generation methods. Excess heat recovered from the generator is used to heat the swimming pool. Hot water in the eco-cabins and for some of the resorts vehicles are solar-powered
45、. Water efficient fittings are also installed in showers and toilets. However, not all the appliances used by the resort axe energy efficient, such as refrigerators. Visitors who stay at the resort are encouraged to monitor their water and energy usage via the in-house television systems, and are re
46、warded with prizes (such as a free return trip to the resort) accordingly if their usage level is low. CONCLUDING REMARKS We examined a case study of good management practice and a pro-active sustainable tourism stance of an eco-resort. In three years of operation, Couran Cove Island Resort has won
47、23 international and national awards, including the 2001 Australian Tourism Award in the 4-Star Accommodation category. The resort has embraced and has effectively implemented contemporary environmental management practices. It has been argued that the successful implementation of the principles of
48、sustainability should promote long-term social, economic and environmental benefits, while ensuring and enhancing the prospects of continued viability for the tourism enterprise. Couran Cove Island Resort does not conform to the characteristics of the Resort Development Spectrum, as proposed by Prid
49、eaux (2000). According to Prideaux, the resort should be at least at Phase 3 of the model (the National tourism phase), which describes an integrated resort providing 3-4 star hotel-type accommodation. The primary tourist market in Phase 3 of the model consists mainly of interstate visitors. However, the number of interstate and international tourists visiting the resort is small, with the principal visitor markets comprising locals and residents from nearby towns and the Gold Coast region. The carrying capacity of Couran Cove does not seem to be of a
