1、Designation: D2880 13Standard Specification forGas Turbine Fuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gasturbines, excepting gas
3、 turbines used in aircraft, for theguidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturersand the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specificationsets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place ofcustody transfer to the user.1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational p
4、ur-poses only and do not constitute a requirement of this specifi-cation unless mutually agreed upon between the interestedparties.1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbinefuels covered by this specification. Further, it states thesignificance of various test methods used in inspect
5、ing thefuels.1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami-nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in theoperation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. Theparticular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels isnoted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommend
6、ed for thevarious grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommendedlimits do not constitute a requirement of the specificationunless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limita-tions due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.NOTE 1The gas turbine operator should consult Pract
7、ice D4418 formethods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance onlong-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleumsources as gas turbine.NOTE 2Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance offederal, state, or local regulations which may be more restr
8、ictive.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For moreinformation on the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Me
9、thod for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D396 Specific
10、ation for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Met
11、hod for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment i
12、n Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuelsb
13、y Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission SpectroscopyD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup Tester1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-A
14、viation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2880 03 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D2880-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
15、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
16、8-2959. United States1D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuelsfor
17、Gas TurbinesD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5949 Test Method for Pour Point o
18、f Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6728 Test Method for Determina
19、tion of Contaminants inGas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel by Rotating DiscElectrode Atomic Emission SpectrometryD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-rayFluorescence Spectrometry2.2 Other Documents:326 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Ta
20、x; Dye Color andConcentration40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 fuel contaminantsfuel components other than hydro-carbon oils. In the present context the contaminants are foreignmaterials that make the fuel less
21、 suitable or even unsuitable forthe intended use.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe contaminants of primary interestare foreign materials introduced subsequent to the manufactureof specification quality fuel. Hence they are materials intro-duced in the distribution system (that is, storage tanks,pipelines, tank
22、trucks, barges, etc.) or in the users storage andhandling system, or generated within these systems (rustgenerated in steel pipes and tanks by moist fuel, and so forth).Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.3.1.2 fuel entering the combustor(s)the fuel that is actu-ally burned in the g
23、as turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a pointupstream from the point of entry into the combustor(s),provided the sample is representative of the fuel actuallyentering the combustor(s).4. General Requirements4.1 The fuels herein specified shall be homogeneous mix-tures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorga
24、nic acid, and free ofexcessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely tomake frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary.4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainhomogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravityinto light and heavy oil components outside th
25、e viscosity limitsfor the grade.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conformto the limiting requirements shown in Table 1. As noted in thesupplementary footnotes to Table 1, the requirements for GradeNos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respects to correspond-in
26、g Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D396, and toGrade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D975. The viscosityrange of Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the GradeNos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D396 and Grade No. 4-D ofSpecification D975. It is the intent that fuels meeting Specifi-catio
27、n D396 and D975 requirements may also be suppliedunder these specifications provided they meet the requirementslisted in Table 1.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements and the inclusionof fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may beagreed upon between the interested parties.5.3 The
28、 properties listed in this specification are those ofgreatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance ofthe turbine. However, trace metals, even in fractional parts permillion, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Informationon the maximum concentration of critical metallic elements
29、 inthe fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided inAppendix X2. Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purityas refined, but suppliers rarely have control over possiblecontamination by trace metals in distribution and storage. Thelimits in Appendix X2, although required as the fue
30、l enters thecombustor(s), do not apply to the fuel as delivered unlessmutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may,therefore, require on-site clean-up, quality control procedures,special handling, or other arrangements.6. Test Methods6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification
31、 shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted:6.1.1 Flash PointTest Methods D93, except where othermethods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test MethodD3828 may be used as an alternate with the same limits. ForGrades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D564m
32、ay beused as an alternative with the same limits provided the flashpoint is below 93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at40C. This test method will give slightly lower values. In caseof dispute, Test Method D93 shall be used as the refereemethod.6.1.2 Pour PointTest Method D97. For all grades, t
33、heautomatic Test Methods D5949, D5950,orD5985 can be usedas alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, TestMethod D97 shall be used as the referee method.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.4Other mutually acceptable methods ma
34、y be used.D2880 1326.1.3 Water and SedimentTest Method D2709 is used forGrades 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test Method D1796 is used forGrades 3-GT and 4-GT.6.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.6.1.5 AshTest Method D482.6.1.6 DistillationTest Method D86.6.1.7 ViscosityTest Method D445.6.1.8 DensityTest Me
35、thod D1298 or D4052.6.1.9 SulfurTest Method D129, Test MethodsD1552,5D2622, and D4294 can also be used for all grades. Inaddition, Test Method D1266 can be used for Grades No. 0 andNo. 1, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.4 masspercent and less (down to 0.01 %). Test Method D5453 can
36、 beused for Grades 0, 1, and 2 GT oils, but only with sampleshaving sulfur contents of 0.8 mass % and less (down to 0.001%). Test Method D7220 may be used for Grades 0, 1, and 2 GToils, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.942mass % and less (down to 0.0003 %). Test Method D129 is there
37、feree sulfur test method for Specification D2880.7. Keywords7.1 fuel oils; gas turbine; petroleum and petroleum products5For information on the precision of theASTM methods of test for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford and G. V. Dy
38、roff (1969). This document is available from the PublicationsSection, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to UserA,BPropertyASTMTestMethodCGradeDNo. 0-GT No. 1-GTENo. 2-GTEN
39、o. 3-GT No. 4-GTFlash pointC (F) minD93F38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)Water and sediment% vol maxD2709D17960.05.0.05.0.05.1.0.1.0DistillationTemperature D86C (F)90 % volume recoveredmin . . 282 . .max . 288 338 . .Kinematic viscosity2 mm/sGD445AT 40C (104F) minF1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5max 2.4 4.1 . .AT
40、100C (212F) max . . 50.0 50.0RamsbottomCarbon residueon10 % distillationResidue% mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .Ash% mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .Density at D129815C kg/m3max . 850 876 . .Pour pointGC (F) maxD97 . 18 6 . .ATo meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual lim
41、iting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BGas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur limits to prevent cold end corrosion. Environmental limits may also apply to fuel sulfur in selectedareas in the United States and in other count
42、ries.CThe test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 6.1.DNo. 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B fuel and other volatile hydrocarbon liquids. No. 1-GT corresponds in general to specification D396 Grade No. 1 fuel and D975 Grade1-D diesel fuel in phys
43、ical properties. No. 2-GT corresponds in general to Specification D396 No. 2 fuel and D975 Grade 2-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 3-GTand No. 4-GT viscosity range brackets specification D396 Grades No. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No. 6, and D975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in physi
44、cal properties.EUnder United States regulations, Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of dye Solvent Red 164 so its presenceis visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent
45、Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalentto 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26.FWhen the flash point is below 38C (100F) or when kinematic viscosity is below 1.3 mm2/s at 40C (104F) or when both conditions exist, the turbine manufacturer shouldbe consulted wi
46、th respect to safe handling and fuel system design.GFor cold weather operation, the pour point should be specified 6C below the ambient temperature at which the turbine is to be operated except where fuel heatingfacilities are provided. When a pour point less than 18C is specified for Grade No. 2-GT
47、, the minimum viscosity shall be 1.7 mm2/s and the minimum 90 % recoveredtemperature shall be waived.D2880 133APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS TURBINE FUEL OILSX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 This specification divides the fuel oils encompassedby Specifications D3
48、96 and D975 into four grades, based upontheir applicability for use in gas turbines. Also there is a No.0-GT grade to cover low-flash naphthas. The specification doesnot include fuels primarily intended for aircraft use. It placeslimiting values on a number of the properties of the fuels ineach grad
49、e. The properties selected for limitation are those thatare believed to be of the greatest significance in determiningperformance characteristics of the oils in the various gasturbine applications.X1.1.2 The physical properties of commercial fuel oils thatare important in gas turbine operation are generally the same asthose specified by Specifications D396 and D975. In addition,gas turbine operating experience has shown that certain chemi-cal properties of the fuel oil ash must be controlled sinceslag-forming substances present in the oil ash
