1、Designation: D5413 93 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Water Levels in Open-Water Bodies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover equipment and proceduresused in obtaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs orot
3、her water bodies. Three types of equipment are available asfollows:Test Method ANonrecording water-level measurement devicesTest Method BRecording water-level measurement devicesTest Method CRemote-interrogation water-level measurement devices1.2 The procedures detailed in these test methods are wid
4、elyused by those responsible for investigations of streams, lakes,reservoirs, and estuaries, for example, the U.S. AgriculturalResearch Service, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and theU.S. Geological Survey.2The referenced ISO standard alsofurnishes useful information.1.3 It is the responsibility o
5、f the user of these test methodsto determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedureto meet operational requirements. Compatibility betweensensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational sys-tems is necessary, and data requirements and environmentaloperating conditions must be c
6、onsidered in equipment selec-tion.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
7、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1941 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurementof Water with the P
8、arshall FlumeD2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD5242 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water with Thin-Plate Weirs2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 4373 Measurement of Liquid Flow in Open ChannelsWater Level Measuring Devices3
9、. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 elevationthe vertical distance from a datum to apoint.3.2.2 datuma level plane that represents a zero or somedefined elevation.3.2.3 gaugea gen
10、eric term that includes water level mea-suring devices.3.2.4 gauge datuma datum whose surface is at the zeroelevation of all the gauges at a gauging station; this datum isoften at a known elevation referenced to National GeodeticVertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD).3.2.5 gauge heightthe height of a water s
11、urface above anestablished or arbitrary datum at a particular gauging station;also termed stage.3.2.6 gauging stationa particular site on a stream, canal,lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of hydrologicdata are obtained.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D
12、19 onWater and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5413 93 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D5413-93R13.2Buchanan
13、, T. J., and Somers, W. P., “Stage Measurement at Gauging Stations,”Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter A-7, U.S. Geologi-cal Survey, 1968.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
14、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.7 National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD)prior to 1973 known as mean sea level datum; a spheroidaldatum in the conterminous United States and Canada thatapproximates mean sea level but does not necessarily agreewith sea level at a specific loc
16、ation.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to determine the gaugeheight or elevation of a river or other body of water above agiven datum.4.2 Water level data can serve as an easily recordedparameter, and through use of a stage-discharge relationprovide an indirect value of stream
17、discharge, often at agauging station.4.3 These test methods can be used in conjunction withother determinations of biological, physical, or chemical prop-erties of waters.TEST METHOD ANONRECORDING WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT DEVICES5. Summary of Test Method5.1 These test methods are usually applicable t
18、o conditionswhere continuous records of water level or discharge are notrequired. However, in some situations, daily or twice dailyobservations from a nonrecording water-level device canprovide a satisfactory record of daily water levels or discharge.Water levels obtained by the nonrecording devices
19、 described inthese test methods can be used to calibrate recording water-level devices described in Test Methods B and C.5.2 Devices included in these test methods are of twogeneral types: those that are read directly, such as a staff gauge;and those that are read by measurement to the water surface
20、from a fixed point, such as wire-weight, float-tape, electric-tape, point and hook gauges.5.2.1 Staff, wire-weight, and chain gauges are commonlyused as both outside auxiliary and reference gauges. Vertical-and inclined-staff, float-tape, electric-tape, hook and pointgauges are commonly used as insi
21、de auxiliary and referencegauges.5.3 Documentation of observations must be manually re-corded.6. Apparatus6.1 Staff Gauges:6.1.1 Vertical Staff GaugesStaff gauges are usually gradu-ated porcelain-enameled plates attached to wooden piers orpilings, bridge piers, or other hydraulic structures. They ma
22、yalso be installed on the inside of gauging station stilling wellsas inside reference gauges. They are precisely graduated,usually to 0.02 ft or 2 mm, although other markings may beused for specific applications (see Fig. 1).6.1.2 Inclined Staff GaugesInclined staff gauges usuallyconsist of markings
23、 on heavy timbers, steel beams, or occa-sionally concrete beams built partially embedded into thenatural streambed slope. Since they are essentially flush withthe adjoining streambed, floating debris and ice are less likelyto cause damage than for a vertical staff gauge. Individualgraduation and mar
24、king of the installed gauges by engineeringlevels are required due to the variability of bank slope.6.2 Wire-Weight GaugeAn instrument that is mounted ona bridge or other structure above a water body. Water levels areobtained by direct measurement of the distances between thedevice and the water sur
25、face. A wire-weight gauge consists ofa drum wound with a single layer of cable, a bronze weightattached to the end of the cable, a graduated disk, a counter,and a check bar, all contained within a protective housing (seeFig. 2). The disk is graduated and is permanently connected tothe counter and th
26、e shaft of the drum. The cable is guided to itsposition on the drum by a threading sheave. The reel isequipped with a pawl and ratchet for holding the weight at anydesired elevation. A horizontally mounted check bar ismounted at the lower edge of the instrument. Differential levelsare run to the che
27、ck bar. When the weight is lowered to touchthe check bar, readings of the counter are compared to itsknown elevation as a calibration procedure. The gauge is set sothat when the bottom of the weight is at the water surface, thegauge height is indicated by the combined readings of thecounter and the
28、graduated disk.6.3 Needle GaugesFrequently referred to as point or hookgauges. A needle gauge consists of a vertically-mountedpointed metallic, small-diameter rod, which can be lowereduntil an exact contact is made with the water surface. A vernieror graduated scale is read to indicate a gauge heigh
29、t. AFIG. 1 Staff GaugesD5413 93 (2013)2needle-type gauge offers high measurement accuracy, butrequires some skill and good visibility (light conditions) inlowering and raising the device to a position where the pointjust pierces the water surface. These gauges are most com-monly used in applications
30、 where the water surface is calm.6.3.1 Point GaugeAform of needle gauge where the tip orpoint approaches the water surface from above.6.3.2 Hook GaugeA form of needle gauge made in theshape of a hook, where the tip or point approaches the watersurface from below (see Fig. 3). The hook gauge is easie
31、r touse in a stilling well application. As the point contacts thewater surface, overhead light will reflect from a dimple on thewater surface.6.4 Float-Tape GaugeConsists of a float attached to astainless steel graduated tape that passes over a suitable pulleywith a counterweight to maintain tension
32、. A pointer or otherindex is frequently fabricated as an integral part of the pulleyassembly (see Fig. 4). Float-tape gauges frequently are com-bined with water-level recorders in a manner whereby thepulley is the stage drive wheel for the recorder.6.5 Electric-Tape GaugeConsists of a graduated stee
33、l tapeand weight attached to a combined tape reel, voltmeter, datumindex and electrical circuit, powered by a 412 to 6 volt battery(see Fig. 5). The gauge frame is mounted on a shelf or bracketover the water surface, usually in a stilling well. The weight islowered until the weight touches the water
34、 surface closing theelectrical circuit that is indicated by the voltmeter. The gaugeheight is read on the tape at the index.6.6 A reference point is frequently selected on a stablemember of a bridge, stilling well, or other structure from whichdistance vertical measurements to the water surface are
35、madeby steel tape and weight. The reference point is a clearlydefined location, frequently a file mark or paint mark to ensurethat all readings are from the same location.7. Calibration7.1 Establish a datum. The datum may be a recognizeddatum such as National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929(NGVD), a
36、 datum referenced to a recognized datum such asFIG. 2 Type A Wire-Weight GaugeFIG. 3 Hook Gauge FIG. 4 Float-Type GaugeD5413 93 (2013)3580.00 ft NGVD 1929, a local datum, or an arbitrary datum. Adatum is usually selected that will give readings of smallpositive numbers.7.2 Establish at least three r
37、eference marks (RMs). Refer-ence marks must be located on independent permanent struc-tures that have a good probability of surviving a major flood orother event that may destroy the gauge. Reference marksshould be close enough to the water-level measuring devicethat the leveling circuit not require
38、 more than two or threeinstrument setups to complete elevation verification. If theNGVD datum is used, determine the elevation of the referencemarks by differential leveling from the nearest NGVD bench-mark.7.3 Set the gauges to correct datum by differential levelingfrom the reference marks. Use lev
39、eling procedures described ina surveying text or “Levels at Streamflow Gauging Stations.”57.4 Run levels to gauges from RMs annually for the first 3to 5 years, then if stability is evident, a level frequency of 3 to5 years is acceptable. Rerun levels at any time that a gauge hasbeen disturbed or has
40、 unresolved gauge reading inconsisten-cies. Run levels to all RMs, reference points, index points, andto each staff gauge, and to the water surface. Read the watersurface at each gauge at the time levels are run. Documentdifferences found and changes made in a permanent record.8. Procedure8.1 Read d
41、irect reading gauges by observing the watersurface on the gauge scale. Manually record this value on anappropriate form.8.2 Gauges that require measurement from a fixed point tothe water surface must follow procedures provided by manu-facturers of the specific instrument.8.3 Make a visual inspection
42、 of gauges at each reading todetect apparent damage, which could affect accuracy.TEST METHOD BRECORDING WATER-LEVELMEASUREMENT DEVICES9. Summary of Test Method9.1 These test methods are applicable where continuousunattended records of water level or discharge are required.Procedures described in Tes
43、t Method A are usually used to setthese recording devices to the correct datum.9.2 Devices, generically referred to as water-level recorders,or recorders, included in these test methods must be capable ofrecording stage and the time and date at which the stageoccurred.9.3 Recorders may sense water l
44、evel by direct mechanicalconnection, usually by float-counterweight and tape or cable,by gas purge manometer systems (bubble gauges), or byelectronic water level sensors (pressure transducer or acousticdevices).9.4 Recorders may retain data in graphical, analog, digital,or other format.9.5 Recorders
45、 are available that can remain unattended forperiods from one week to longer than six months.10. Apparatus10.1 Types of Sensing Systems:10.1.1 Direct Reading Systems:10.1.1.1 Crest Stage GaugeAcrest stage gauge is a simplesensing-recording device that is installed near a water body torecord the high
46、est water level that occurs between visits of fieldpersonnel. A wooden rod is encased in a steel or plastic pipewith holes for water to enter and rise to the outside water level.Arecoverable high-water mark is left on the device by particlesof ground cork that float to the highest water level (Fig.
47、6).10.1.1.2 Tape Gauge Maximum-Minimum IndicatorsThese indicators include magnetic or mechanical accessoriesthat record maximum or minimum travel of float-drive tapegauges or recorder-drive tapes.10.1.2 Mechanical Sensing Systems :10.1.2.1 Float TapeConsists of a float that floats on thewater surfac
48、e, usually in a stilling well, and a steel tape or cablewhich passes over a recorder drive pulley. A weight on theopposite end of the tape maintains tension in the tape or cable.The rise and fall of the water surface is thus directly transmit-ted to the recorder.10.1.2.2 Shaft Encoders These devices
49、 consist of a float-tape driven shaft and pulley assembly that converts the angularshaft position to an electronic signal compatible with electronic5Kennedy, E. J., “Levels at Streamflow Gauging Stations,” Techniques of WaterResources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter A-19, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.FIG. 5 Electric-Type GaugeD5413 93 (2013)4recorders. Analog output potentiometers and several digitalformat output encoding systems are available.10.1.3 Gas-Purge System This system is commonlyknown as a bubble gauge. A gas, usually nitrogen, is fed from
