1、Designation: D6161 10Standard TerminologyUsed for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration andReverse Osmosis Membrane Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers the use of microfiltration,ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and revers
3、e osmosis for membraneseparation processes.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD2035 Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test ofWaterD3739 Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of theLangelier Saturation Index for Reverse OsmosisD4582 Practice for Ca
4、lculation and Adjustment of the Stiffand Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis3. Significance and Use3.1 The need to understand the relationships found inmembrane unit processes for water treatment increases with thecontinuing demand for these separation systems. Defining theterms common to micr
5、ofiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltrationand reverse osmosis processes assist the manufacturer, consult-ant and end-user in eliminating inter-process terminologyconfusion. This standard expands the definitions found inTerminology D1129.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:absolute filter ratingparticle
6、size above which 100 % ofparticles that are trapped on or within the filter medium.absorptionthe release for desorption holding of a substancewithin a solid by cohesive or capillary forces.accumulatora pulsation dampener installed on the suctionand/or discharge lines of pumps, generally plunger type
7、, tominimize pressure surges and provide uniformity of flow.accuracythe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. Where an acceptedreference value is not available, accuracy is a description ofa measure of the degree of conformity of a value generatedby a speci
8、fic procedure to the assumed or accepted truevalue, including both precision and bias.aciditythe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions.activated carbongranulated or powdered activated carbonused to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines, and someorganics from water. A
9、 family of carbonaceous substancesmanufactured by processes that develop adsorptive proper-ties.adsorptionthe holding of a substance onto the surface of asolid by chemical surface forces, without forming newchemical bonds.aerobic bacteriabacteria that require oxygen for growth.See bacteria, aerobes.
10、aggregategranular material such as sand, gravel, crushedstone.aggressive waterwater having a high tendency to corrodepipes and other equipment. Usually seen as having anegative Langelier Index value.air headerthe pipe running within a cassette that distributesthe air to the individual modules or aer
11、ators.air scourdistributing air over the entire area at the bottom ofa filter media flowing upward or immersed membrane toimprove the effectiveness of filtration or backwashing or topermit the use of lower backwash water flow rate, or both.air strippingremoval of volatile substances from a watersolu
12、tion by passing a gas through the solution.algaea major group of lower plants, generally aquatic,photosynthetic of extremely varied morphology and physi-ology, mono cellular plants with chlorophyll often maskedby a brown or red pigment.alkalinitythe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwit
13、h hydrogen ions. “M” alkalinity is that which will reactwith acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to themethylorange endpoint of about 4.5. “P” alkalinity is thatwhich reacts with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced tothe phenolphthalein end point of 8.3.“ M” is the total1This terminology is
14、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6161 05. DOI:10.1520
15、/D6161-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
16、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.alkalinity which is the sum of hydroxide, carbonate, andbicarbonate contents, “P” includes all the hydroxyl and halfthe carbonate content.alumaluminum sulfate, AL2(SO4)3XH2O (X = 14-18), acoagulant.ambient temperaturethe temperature of
17、the surroundings,generally assumed to be 20 25C.amorphousnon crystalline, devoid of regular cohesivestructure.anaerobic bacteriabacteria that do not use oxygen. Oxygenis toxic to them. See bacteria, anaerobes.amphotericcapable of acting as an acid or a base.angstrom (A)a unit of length equaling 1010
18、metres, 104metres, 108centimetres and 3.937 3 109in. The symbolis , A or A.U. .anionnegatively charged ion.anion exchange materiala material capable of the revers-ible exchange of negatively charged ions.anion exchange membranemembrane containing fixed cat-ionic charges and mobile anions that can be
19、 exchanged withother anions present in an external fluid in contact with themembrane.anisotropic membranea non-uniform structure in cross-section; typically the support substructure has pores muchlarger than the barrier layer. See asymmetric membranes.anodepositive electrode.anionic polyelectrolyteu
20、sually acrylamide or acrylamideand acrylic copolymers, negatively charged, used forcoagulation/flocculation. See Polyelectrolyte.anthracitea granular hard coal used as a filtration media,commonly used as the coarser layer in dual and multimediafilters.antifoulantsee antiscalant.antiscalanta compound
21、 added to a water which inhibits theprecipitation of sparingly soluble inorganic salts.anti-telescoping devicea plastic or metal device attached tothe ends of a spiral wound cartridge to prevent movement ofthe cartridge leaves in the feed flow direction, due to highfeed flows.AOCassimilable organic
22、carbon.aquifera water-bearing geological formation that provides aground water reservoir.aramida fully aromatic polyamide.arraythe overall arrangement of pressure vessels in acrossflow membrane system, including the groupings ofvessels in parallel and in series.asymmetric membranemembrane which has
23、a change inpore structure. See anisotropic membranes.ATDsee anti-telescoping device.atomic weightthe relative mass of an atom based on a scalein which a specific carbon atom (carbon 12) is assigned amass value of 12.ATPadenosine triphosphate.autopsythe dissection of a membrane module or element toin
24、vestigate causes of unsatisfactory performance.availabilitythe on-stream time or rated operating capacity ofa water treatment system.a-valuemembrane water permeability coefficient. The coef-ficient is defined as the amount of water produced per unitarea of membrane per unit of net driving pressure (
25、NDP);units of measurement are m3/hr/m2/kPa.AWWAAmerican Water Works Association.AWWARFAmerican Water Works Association ResearchFoundation.backflushtemporary reversal of the permeate or retentateflow.backpulsepumping treated water with or without addedchemicals in the reversed direction from the lume
26、n to thefeed side of the membrane (inside-out).backwashreversing the flow of water with/without air eitheracross or through a medium or membrane. Designed toremove the collected foreign material from the bed ormembranes.bacteriaany of a class of microscopic single-celled organ-isms reproducing by fi
27、ssion or by spores. Characterized byround, rod-like, spiral, or filamentous bodies, often aggre-gated into colonies or mobile by means of flagella. Widelydispersed in soil, water, organic matter, and the bodies ofplants and animals. Either autotrophic (self-sustaining, self-generative), saprophytic
28、(derives nutrition from non-livingorganic material already present in the environment), orparasitic (deriving nutrition from another living organism).Often symbiotic (advantageous) in man, but sometimespathogenic.bactericideagent capable of killing bacteria.bacteriostatsubstance that prevents bacter
29、ial growth andmetabolism but does not necessarily kill them.bafflea deflector plate in a vessel that disperses the inletfluid.banka grouping of pressure vessels in parallel, with com-mon feed- and concentrate-stream manifolds; equivalent tostage.barunit of pressure; 14.50 lbs/in.2, 1.020 kg/cm2, 0.9
30、87 atm,0.1 MPa.BATbest available technology.battery limitthe boundary limits that physically defines aplant or process; inside the boundary are all the equipmentand reactions associated with the defined plant or processbaume scale,Bea measure of the density of a solutionrelative to water.BE 5 145 21
31、45specific gravity*United States for densities greater than unity.BE 5140specific gravity*2 130For densities less than unity.*at 60Fbed depththe depth of the filter medium or ion exchangeresin in a vessel.bed expansionthe depth increase of filter medium or ionexchange resin that occurs during backwa
32、shing.beta(value)a design parameter indicating the ratio of the ionconcentrations at the membrane surface to the concentrationD6161 102in the bulk stream for spiral wound RO/NF.bindersin reference to cartridge filters, chemicals used tohold, or 8bind, short fibers together in a filter.bindingin surf
33、ace filtration, a build-up of particulates on thefilter, restricting fluid flow through the filter at normalpressures.biocidea substance that kills all living organisms.biological depositsthe debris left by organisms as a result oftheir life processes.biomassany material which is or was a living org
34、anism orexcreted from a micro-organism.bioremediationthe biological degradation treatment ofwaste sludge and soils to breakdown organic and hydrocar-bons.biostata substance that inhibits biological growth.bipolar membranesynthetic membrane containing two op-positely charged ion-exchange layers that
35、are in contact witheach other.blocka grouping of devices in a single unit having commoncontrol. See array, bank, train.BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)the amount of dis-solved oxygen utilized by natural agencies in water instabilizing organic matter at specified test conditions.body feedthe continuou
36、s addition of filter medium (forexample, diatomaceous earth) to sustain the efficacy of thefilter.BOObuild, own, operate.BOOTbuild, own, operate and transfer.boundary layera thin layer at the membrane surface wherewater velocities are significantly less than those in the bulkflow.brackish waterwater
37、 with an approximate concentration oftotal dissolved solids ranging from 500 to 10 000 mg/L. Seehigh brackish water, potable water, sea water.breakpoint chlorinationthe point at which the water chlo-rine demand is satisfied and any further chlorine is thechlorine residual, the “free” chlorine specie
38、s.break tanka storage device used for hydraulic isolation andsurge protection.brinethe concentrate (reject) stream from a crossflow mem-brane device performing desalination. Portion of the feedstream which does not pass through the membrane.brine (concentrate) seala rubber lip seal on the outside of
39、 aspiral wound cartridge which prevents feed by-pass betweenthe cartridge and the inside pressure vessel wall.brine seal carriersee ATD.brine system staginga process in which the concentrate,under pressure, of a group of membrane devices is feddirectly to another set of membrane devices to improve t
40、heefficiency of the water separation.bubble pointpressure differential at which bubbles firstappear on one surface of an immersed porous membrane asgas pressure is applied to the other side.bubble point pressurethe pressure differential necessary todisplace a liquid held by surface tension forces fr
41、om thelargest equivalent capillaries in a membrane filter.bubble point testa nondestructive membrane filter test usedto assess filter integrity and proper installation.buffera substance in solution that accepts hydrogen orhydroxyl ions added to the solution minimizing a change inpH.bundlea general t
42、erm for a collection of parallel filaments orfibres.B-valuesalt diffusion coefficientdefined as the amount ofsalt transferred per unit area of membrane per unit ofconcentration difference across the membrane. A unit ofmeasurement is m/h or more specifically, m3/m2/h.BWRObrackish water reverse osmosi
43、s.CACcombined available chlorine.cagea structural fabrication fitted around the perimeter of thecassette with one or more lifting eye suitable for installing orremoving the cassetter. The four bottom corners of the cagerest within the frame in the tank.cake layerlayer comprised of particulate materi
44、als residingon the upstream face of a membrane.calcium carbonate equivalents (mg/Las CaCO3)a methodfor expressing mg/L as ion in terms of calcium carbonate.Concentration in calcium carbonate equivalents is calculatedby multiplying concentration in mg/L of the ion by theequivalent weight of calcium c
45、arbonate (50) and dividing bythe equivalent weight of the ion. (See Table 1).carbonate hardnessthe hardness in a water caused bycarbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Theamount of hardness equivalent to the alkalinity formed andTABLE 1 Conversion FactorsA,Bmg/l mg/l Clark or Grain per
46、 French German EPM Atomicas Ion as CaCO3English Degree US Gallon Degree Degree MEQ/L WeightCa+ 2.495 0.175 0.0583 0.250 0.140 0.0499 40.08Mg+ 4.112 0.288 0.0583 0.411 0.231 0.0823 24.32Na+ 2.175 0.152 0.0583 0.218 0.122 0.0435 22.99K+ 1.279 0.089 0.0583 0.128 0.072 0.0256 39.10Sr+ 1.141 0.080 0.0583
47、 0.114 0.064 0.0288 87.63Ba+ 0.728 0.051 0.0583 0.073 0.041 0.0146 137.36Fe+ 1.791 0.125 0.0583 0.179 0.101 0.0358 55.85HCO30.819 0.057 0.0583 0.082 0.046 0.0164 61.02SO41.041 0.073 0.0583 0.104 0.058 0.0208 96.07Cl1.410 0.098 0.0583 0.141 0.079 0.0282 35.46F2.632 0.184 0.0583 0.263 0.148 0.0526 19.
48、00NO30.806 0.056 0.0583 0.081 0.045 0.0161 62.00CO31.666 0.117 0.0583 0.167 0.094 0.0323 60.01PO41.579 0.110 0.0583 0.158 0.089 0.0316 94.98ATo convert from mg/l as ion to any other unit multiply by factor.BTo convert to mg/l as ion from any other unit divide by factor.D6161 103deposited when water
49、is boiled. In boilers, carbonate hard-ness is readily removed by blowdown.calcium hypochloriteCa (HCIO)2, a disinfection agent.cartridgesee spiral-wound cartridge.cassettean assembly of membrane elements (or modules),membrane aerators, air and permeate manifolds, and hard-ware in the cage; this is how the membranes are installed orremoved from the process tank.catalysta substance whose presence initiates or changes therate of a chemical reaction, but does n
