1、Designation: D7780 12Standard Practice forGeospatial Data for Representing Coal Mining Features1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice defines a set of terms, procedures, and datarequired to define the accurate location and description ofgeospatial data f
3、or surface coal mining operations (CMO),underground coal mining extents, land reclamation and perfor-mance bond statuses, lands unsuitable for mining petitions(LUMP) and designated areas, coal spoil and refuse features,coal preparation plants, environmental resource monitoringlocations (ERMLs), and
4、postmining land uses.1.2 This practice addresses mining geospatial data relativeto the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977(SMCRA). This geospatial data shall be obtained from eachstate, tribal, or federal coal mining regulatory authority (RA),or combinations thereof, authorized under
5、SMCRA to regulateCMOs.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. No other units of measurement areincluded in this standard1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
6、of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator limitations prior to use.1.4.1 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should
7、 be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the adequacy of a professionalservice, nor should this document be applied without consid-eration of a projects many un
8、ique aspects. The word “Stan-dard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.1.5 This practice applies to pre-SMCRA or post-SMCRAcoal mining features or both.1.6 Surface CMOsAs used in this practice, a surfaceCMO represents an area
9、where coal removal, reclamation, andrelated supporting activities have occurred, is occurring, ispending authorization or is authorized by the RA within adefined surface CMO or any other unpermitted area that hasbeen identified by the RA prior to SMCRA.1.6.1 This practice addresses coal mining geosp
10、atial datarelative to SMCRA, interim permits, permanent programpermits, as well as CMOs before the enactment of SMCRA.Each RA shall be the authoritative data source (ADS) for coalmining geospatial data.1.7 Underground Coal Mining ExtentsThis practice ad-dresses underground coal mining extents that r
11、epresent an areawhere coal removal has occurred within a defined undergroundCMO.1.8 Land Reclamation StatusThis practice addresses theland reclamation status of surface areas within a permittedCMO where coal removal, reclamation and related supportingactivities has occurred, is occurring, or is plan
12、ned and autho-rized by the RA.1.9 Performance Bond StatusThis practice shows thestatus of coal mine reclamation as outlined by each phase ofreclamation that can result in bond release, according toSMCRA, 30 CFR Part 700 et seq, and 30 CFR Part 800, et seq.In addition to defining the status of indivi
13、dual areas covered bya performance bond, use of this standard will identify thechanges of the reclamation and bond status to mined areas asthey change over time. Reference to bond status meansperformance bond status.NOTE 1A single bond may cover multiple permits or multiple bondsmay cover a single p
14、ermit.1.10 Lands Unsuitable for Mining PetitionThis practiceaddresses boundary data pertaining to areas that have beenpetitioned and designated as unsuitable for mining relative toTitle V Section 522 of the SMCRA. It also addresses thoselands that have been found by the RAs process to bedesignated u
15、nsuitable for all or certain types of mining. Theseareas may be petitioned to be unsuitable for CMOs becausethey meet criterion that include, but are not limited to: fragile,historic, cultural, scientific, having esthetic values and naturalsystems such as aquifers that could be significantly damaged
16、due to a CMO.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01.03 on GeospatialTechnology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. DOI: 10.1520/D7780-12.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.11 Refuse StructuresThis practice addresses excessspoil and refuse features produced by CMOs. These featuresinclude excess spoil structures, coal refuse structures, and coalpreparation plants.1.11.1 Excess Spoil Structures
18、These structures are cre-ated when the total spoil produced during mining exceeds thevolume of material that can be utilized for reclamation. Thisoccurrence is common in steep slope areas, where the finalgrade of reclaimed slopes is limited by stability requirements.It also occurs where overburden v
19、olume is significantly largerthan the volume of minable coal. Spoil also exhibits a netincrease in volume due to the introduction of void spaces infragmented rock when overburden is removed to exposeunderlying coal seams. The production of excess spoil requiresthe creation of disposal structures tha
20、t extend outside the minedarea.1.11.2 Coal Preparation PlantsFacilities where impuri-ties are removed from coal and potentially crushed, resized,and blended with other grades of coal. Preparation plantsproduce refuse as a byproduct.1.11.3 RefuseA waste byproduct of coal processing, gen-erally catego
21、rized as either coarse or fine. Fine coal refuseoften is handled as a slurry containing a blend of water, finecoal, silt, sand, and clay particles.1.11.4 Impounding Refuse StructuresThese structures cre-ate a holding area for slurry that allows solids to settle out andwater to be recovered. Cross-va
22、lley and diked impoundmentsutilize an embankment, often constructed of coarse coal refuse,which forms a basin for slurry retention, as shown in Fig. 1 andFig. 2, respectively. Incised impoundments dispose of slurry inan excavated area below the natural surface and do not utilizea significant embankm
23、ent for slurry retention, see Fig. 3.1.11.5 Non-Impounding Refuse StructuresThese struc-tures may contain slurry that has been dewatered and stabilizedprior to disposal. Non-impounding slurry cells are used todispose of fine refuse. Methods that significantly reduce thewater content of fine coal ref
24、use may allow a refuse structureto avoid being classified as an impoundment.1.12 ERMLThis practice addresses locations where moni-toring and sampling (such as water, air, soil sampling, andsubsidence or air blasting monitoring) has occurred, is occur-ring, or is planned.1.13 Postmining Land UsesThis
25、 practice describes datarequired to locate and identify postmining land uses for surfacecoal mining and reclamation operations. Statutory languageand definitions are found in Federal regulations 30 CFR816/817.133 and 30 CFR 701.5. SMCRA identifies land usecategories for surface coal mining permits,
26、such as cropland,pasture/hayland, grazing land, forest, residential, fish andwildlife habitat, developed water resources, public utilities,industrial/commercial, and recreation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2.2 ANSI Standards:3
27、ANSI INCITS 61-1986 (R2002) Geographic Point Loca-tions for Information Interchange, Representation of (for-merly ANSI X3.61-1986 (R1997)ANSI INCITS 320-1998 (R2003) InformationTechnologySpatial Data Transfer2.3 Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Stan-dards4FGDC-STD-001 Content Standard for Di
28、gital GeospatialMetadataProject 1574-D Information TechnologyGeographic In-formation Framework Data Content Standard, Part 5Governmental Unit and Other Geographic Area Boundar-ies2.4 Code of Federal Regulations:530 CFR Part 700 et seq. 30 CFR Parts 800 et seq.2.5 Other DocumentsSurface Mining Contro
29、l and Reclamation Act of 1977(Public Law 95-87)62For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fr
30、om American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Federal Geographic Data Committee, 590 National Center,Reston, VA 20192, www.fgdc.gov.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. C
31、apitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.6Public Law 95-87, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977(SMCRA), passed August 3, 1977, as amended.FIG. 1 Cross Sectional Depiction of a Cross-Valley Refuse Impounding FeatureD7780 122DOI-OSM Directive RE
32、G-8 Oversight of State and TribalRegulatory Programs, January 31, 2011 (Transmittal No.967)3. Terminology3.1 Except as listed or noted below, all definitions are inaccordance with Terminology D653.NOTE 2The terms defined here are consistent with those defined in 30CFR Part 700 et seq., 30 CFR Part 8
33、00 et. seq. though not verbatim.NOTE 3Terminology and definitions for identifying geographicalfeatures and describing the data model have been adopted from the FGDCSpatial Data Transfer Standard (3) and the FGDC Framework DataContent Standard (FGDC Project 1574- D) Information TechnologyPart5 Govern
34、mental unit and other geographic area boundaries.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 attribute, na defined characteristic of a feature.3.2.2 attribute value, na specific quality or quantity as-signed to an attribute.3.2.3 authoritative data source (ADS), na recognizedsource as d
35、efined in SMCRA.3.2.4 basin, nfor purposes of this standard, the area whereslurry is deposited in an impoundment.3.2.5 bond forfeiture, ndefault of the performance bondresulting in revocation of the permit.3.2.6 bond release, nthe process of releasing permitholders performance bond following approva
36、l of having metreclamation requirements of affected lands.3.2.7 bonded area, nthe land within the permit area uponwhich the operator has posted financial assurance to conductsurface coal mining and reclamation operations within thepermit term. Bond is associated with the entire permit area oran incr
37、ement of land within the permitted area.3.2.8 coal mining operation (CMO), nthe extent of sur-face disturbance from surface and underground CMOs.3.2.9 coal preparation, nthe chemical or physical pro-cessing and the cleaning, concentrating, or other processing orpreparation of coal.3.2.10 coarse coal
38、 refuse, na solid waste material sepa-rated from coal during processing, consisting primarily frag-mented waste rock. Coarse coal refuse can vary widely in size,from silt to cobble, but is distinguished from fine coal refuse inthat it is handled and disposed of as a dry solid, often in anembankment.
39、3.2.11 cross-valley refuse impoundment, na type of slurryimpoundment formed by constructing an embankment acrossthe downstream side of a catchment area, allowing slurry to beretained upstream of the embankment. See Fig. 1.3.2.12 diked refuse impoundment, na type of impound-ment in which slurry is re
40、tained by constructing an enclosedembankment. On flat terrain, the embankment may encircle theslurry basin completely. See Fig. 2.3.2.13 disturbed, nan area where vegetation, topsoil, oroverburden is removed or upon which topsoil, spoil, coalprocessing waste, underground development waste, or non-co
41、al waste is placed by CMOs. Those areas are classified asdisturbed until reclamation is complete.3.2.14 domain, na range of permissible values for aspecified attribute.3.2.15 durable rock fill, na type of valley fill, containingexcess overburden spoil that consists of at least 80 percentdurable rock
42、 on a unit volume basis, or rock that can passcertain strength and weathering tests, such as a slake durabilitytest.FIG. 2 Cross Sectional Depiction of a Diked Refuse Impounding FeatureFIG. 3 Cross Sectional Depiction of an Incised Refuse Impounding FeatureD7780 1233.2.16 embankment, nman-made depos
43、its of earth orcoarse coal refuse that is raised above the natural surface of theland. For the purposes of this standard, embankments are acomponent of an impoundment used to retain slurry.3.2.17 ERML point, na geometric point that specifies thelocations of environmental resources associated with pe
44、rmittedCMOs, as indicated on the latest map approved by the RA.3.2.18 excess spoil, nspoil material disposed of in alocation outside of the mined-out area, excluding spoil materialused to achieve the approximate original contour or to blendthe mined-out area with the surrounding terrain.3.2.19 featu
45、re, na geographical representation of either adiscrete real-world phenomenon, such as a building, or anabstract concept, such as a governmental boundary.3.2.20 feature class, na collection of similar featureshaving the same geometry type, coordinate system, and acommon set of descriptive attributes.
46、3.2.21 fine coal refuse, nwaste material that is hydrauli-cally separated from coal during processing. Particle sizevaries from clay or very fine silt to fine sands. Solids aresuspended in a water solution, or slurry, and usually trans-ported through a pipeline.3.2.22 head-of-hollow fill, na type of
47、 valley fill, in whichthe top surface of the fill, when completed is at or blends intothe adjacent ridge line, and no significant area of naturaldrainage occurs above the fill draining into the fill area.3.2.23 hydrologic balance, nthe relationship between thequality and quantity of water inflow to
48、and water outflow froma hydrologic unit including water stored in the unit. It encom-passes the dynamic relationships between precipitation, runoff,evaporation, and changes in ground and surface water avail-ability.3.2.24 impoundment, na structure created for the reten-tion of water, slurry, refuse,
49、 or sediment.3.2.25 incised refuse impoundment, nan impoundmentformed by excavation below the original surface elevation, seeFig. 3.3.2.26 incremental bond area, na portion of a permittedarea which allows each independent area and its postedperformance bond to be released according to its reclamationschedule.3.2.27 mine boundary, nthe perimeter defining the landarea upon which surface CMOs have occurred. Some RAsrefer to these lands as affected lands. Mine boundaries mayinclude surface CMOs that existed in the early 1900s before
