1、Designation: E 1254 08Standard Guide forStorage of Radiographs and Unexposed IndustrialRadiographic Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide may be used for the control and maintenanceof industrial radiographs and unexposed films used for indus-trial ra
3、diography.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.NOTE 1For information purposes, refer to Terminology E 1316. Theterms state
4、d therein, however, are not specifically referenced in the text ofthis document.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and det
5、ermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 746 Practice for Determining Relative Image QualityResponse of Industrial Radiographic Imaging SystemsE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
6、2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14523 Processed Photographic MaterialsPhotographic activity test for enclosure materialsISO 18901 Imaging MaterialsProcessed silver-gelatintype black-and-white films - Specifications for stabilityISO 18902 Imaging MaterialsProcessed photographicfilms, plates, and papers - Fili
7、ng enclosures and storagecontainersISO 18917 PhotographyDetermination of residual thio-sulfate and other related chemicals in processed photo-graphic materials - Methods using iodine-amylose, meth-ylene blue and silver sulfide3. Significance and Use3.1 The provisions of this guide are intended to co
8、ntrol thequality of industrial radiographs and unexposed films only andare not intended for controlling the acceptability of thematerials or products radiographed. It is further intended thatthis guide be used as an adjunct to Guide E94.3.2 The necessity for applying specific control proceduressuch
9、as those described in this guide is dependent to a certainextent, on the degree to which a user adheres to goodprocessing and storage practices as a matter of routine proce-dure.4. Unexposed Film Storage4.1 Unopened Containers:4.1.1 Storage RecommendationsAny films in containerssealed by the manufac
10、turer and not opened should be storedwith the films on edge, whenever possible, to avoid containerdamage and possible film damage. Storage temperature shouldbe between 40F (4.4C) and 75F (24C) at a relativehumidity range of 30 to 60 %.4.1.2 Higher Storage TemperaturesWhen temperaturesexceed 90F (32C
11、) for 30 days, some unexposed films may beprocessed under normal existing conditions to test for fogging.The outside sheets in a pack of cut films or the ends of rolledfilms are most affected by heat. If excessive fogging is foundon these samples, subsequent sampling may be done on innersheets or fu
12、rther in on the rolls to avoid unnecessary scrap. Alimit of 0.30 density units total for the base density and fog isacceptable (see 4.3) for industrial radiographic films.4.1.3 Lower Storage TemperaturesThe temperature canbe lower than 40F (4.4C) as lower temperatures reduce therate of heat and age
13、fogging. However, lower temperatures willhave no effect on background radiation fogging. Films stored atthese lower temperatures in unopened containers should beallowed to stabilize at room temperature before opening thecontainers. The stabilization time varies with the bulk of thestored films and t
14、he temperature stored at. The lower thetemperature and greater the bulk the longer the time required to1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology(X and Gamma) Method.Current edition appro
15、ved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1254 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
16、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
17、reach room temperature. If the containers are opened too soon,condensation could cause the films to stick to whatever istouching their surfaces.4.1.4 Lower or Higher Storage Humidities If the relativehumidity is below 30 % and the moisture in the films isreduced sufficiently, film emulsion cracking
18、or damage canoccur during handling after opening the sealed containers, andthe films may be subjected to static electrical discharges.Storage humidities over 60 % can also cause the films to stickto whatever is touching their surfaces.4.2 Opened ContainersThe same considerations de-scribed in 4.1 fo
19、r unopened containers apply. Opened contain-ers are those on which the manufacturers inner bag around thefilm itself has been opened. This can cause the unexposed filmto stick and fog more rapidly when exposed to high humidityand temperature.4.3 Time-of-Use UsabilityTests used to evaluate imagequali
20、ty in accordance with Test Method E 746 showed thatequivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) of 1.4 % can bemaintained for films with base plus-fog (B + Fog) up to 0.30.4.3.1 If unexposed sheets or rolls are processed normallythrough the available processing system, and base plus-fogdensity exceeds
21、0.30, the film may still be suitable for use.However, specific agreement should be obtained between thepurchaser and supplier if out-dated film or film stored undernon-recommended conditions is to be used.4.4 Radiation ProtectionStorage facilities for unexposedfilms should provide adequate protectio
22、n from penetratingradiation.5. Radiograph Storage5.1 IntroductionRadiographs are normally stored in someform of enclosures to exclude dirt and protect them againstphysical deterioration and damage. Storage conditions can bedesigned for archival preservation, normally considered to befor more than 10
23、0 years or for moderate time periods by usingthe guidelines in this standard; however, the radiographs musthave been sufficiently fixed and washed and stored in suitableenclosures to ensure preservation.5.2 Residual ThiosulfateIf radiographs are not fully fixedand washed, they can retain some fixer,
24、 or thiosulfate, andsome residual silver in the lower density areas. During storage,these residual chemicals can generate permanent, brownishstain super-imposed on the radiographic image. Since the rateat which a stain is generated depends on both the amount ofresidual thiosulfate and radiograph sto
25、rage conditions, factorssuch as the temperature, humidity, and air flow in the storagefacility must be considered as they affect this rate (seeISO 18901). If radiographs are stored at or below the upperlimits of the temperature and relative humidity ranges de-scribed in 4.1.1, stain generation will
26、be minimized andlowered as these two parameters are lowered. Again, be awareof possible film emulsion cracking at very low humidities.5.2.1 Testing for Residual Thiosulfate The proceduredescribed in ISO 18917 as the silver densitometric method formeasuring residual thiosulfate details a silver nitra
27、te-aceticacid reagent. A solution that can be used as a spot test forresidual thiosulfate is as follows: Dissolve 10 g silver nitrate ina solution of 30 mL glacial acetic acid in 750 mL water. Diluteto 1 L and store in brown, glass-stoppered bottle. Discard ifdarkened. Two minutes after a drop of th
28、is solution has beenplaced on the lowest density area of a radiograph, a stain willappear if any residual thiosulfate is present. The intensity of thestain will approximate the maximum amount of discolorationthat one side of the radiograph will ever reach during any kindof storage conditions of temp
29、erature and humidity. For a visualreference to the approximate maximum discoloration of bothsides of a radiograph, both sides must be tested with superim-posed drops. This spot test is not usually considered adequatewhere critical work or work to a strict code or specification isinvolved. Consequent
30、ly, the methylene blue method or thecomplete silver densitometric method described in ISO 18917would be preferred.5.2.2 Natural Aging StainPractical long-time storage testsindicate that under normal “office” conditions of controlled,moderate temperature and humidity, approximately one thirdof the ma
31、ximum stain indicated by such a spot test was actuallygenerated over a 10-year period.5.2.3 Rewashing RadiographsIf the spot test does gener-ate a stain, the radiograph can be rewashed to lower theresidual level and then retested to confirm the lower level.Immersion in a fixer neutralizer such as 2
32、to 6 % solution ofsodium sulfite can drastically reduce rewashing times.5.3 Enclosure Materials for Radiographs:5.3.1 GeneralPackaging enclosure materials, includingcorrugated boxes and interleaving paper, shall be chemicallystable and have a slightly rough or matted surface. Guidelinesfor enclosure
33、 materials are described in ISO 18902. A photoactivity test for suitability is described in ISO 14523.5.4 Storage Area Conditions:5.4.1 Air ImpuritiesInert or inactive solid particles can bedeposited on radiographs and interfere with readability andproduce scratches. Reactive types of solids may cau
34、se fadingor staining and gaseous impurities may cause base or imagedeterioration. Impurities such as peroxides, ammonia, paintfumes, sulfur dioxides, or compounds of sulfur, such ashydrogen sulfide, can be particularly harmful.5.4.2 TemperatureContinuous temperatures above 100F(38C) will accelerate
35、staining caused by residual thiosulfateand temperatures below the dew point of the air may producecondensed moisture on the radiographs and cause sticking. Ingeneral, a moderate temperature range, as described in 4.1,isrecommended.5.4.3 HumidityThe extremes must be avoided as pro-longed exposures to
36、 relative humidities over 60 % will tend todamage the emulsion because of fungus growth and couldcause sticking. Under conditions of low or changing humidity,emulsion adhesion defects such as edge peeling, flaking, oremulsion cracking can develop. Low humidities will alsoincrease the potential of st
37、atic charges on the radiographsattracting solids that could harm them. In general, a relativehumidity range of 30 to 60 % is recommended.5.5 Fire ResistanceRadiographs can withstand tempera-tures as high as 302F (150C) without significant loss ofimage quality, provided they are free of residual thio
38、sulfate;however, they may become distorted or stick to each other orto the enclosure material.E12540826. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this guide for measuring residual thiosulfate and the activitytest for enclosure materials since the results merely
39、 statewhether there is conformance to the criteria for successspecified in the procedure.7. Keywords7.1 industrial radiographic films; radiograph storage; unex-posed filmASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin
40、 this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and mus
41、t be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
42、responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E1254083
