1、Designation: E1354 11bE1354 13 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1354; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides f
3、or measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiantheating with or without an external ignitor.1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, andvisible smoke development of materials and produ
4、cts.1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitantmeasurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination wi
5、th the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured byobscuration of light by the combustion product stream.1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shallbe by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat flux
6、and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevantmaterial or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether theend-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provis
7、ions for vertical orientationtesting; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical
8、modeling, design purposes,or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various componentsused in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this stand
9、ard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual
10、 fire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.
11、 For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conductingthese tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and CokeE176 Terminology
12、of Fire StandardsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Cu
13、rrent edition approved Oct. 15, 2011April 1, 2013. Published November 2011April 2013. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asE1354 - 11a.E1354 - 11b. DOI: 10.1520/E1354-11B.10.1520/E1354-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact
14、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been m
15、ade to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Co
16、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid MaterialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE906 Tes
17、t Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 5657-1986(E) Fire Testsreaction to fireignitability of building materialsISO 5725-2 (1994) Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic m
18、ethod for thedetermination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount
19、 of heat generated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heat of combustion).3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the mass
20、loss during a specified period of time under the specified test conditions.Typically, the specified fire test conditions are providedby the specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain firetest conditions, involving very h
21、igh heat and high oxygen concentrations under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion willapproximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate
22、 measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.2.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount of heat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally and only under conditions of high pressureand in pure oxyge
23、n (contrast effective heat of combustion).3.2.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a test (such as Test Method E135
24、4or Test Method E906) and then reported as the incident heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test specimen cangenerate additional heat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fire test, for exampleas described in Guide E603, on any s
25、urface, and with measurement devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes. Typicalunits are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.2.4 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the specimen, per unit of time.3.2.5 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measured by the time to sust
26、ained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heatingflux.3.2.6 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat flux value commonly used when describing or setting test conditions
27、.3.2.7 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see Test Method D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differs from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses the heat per unit mass generatedfro
28、m a combustion process that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends with water in the liquid state.3.2.8 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, either vertical or horizontalfacing up.3.2.9 oxygen consumption principle, nthe exp
29、ression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.E1354 1323.2.10 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmission
30、by smoke, as measured by light attenuation.3.2.11 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or over most of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.3.2.11.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 4 s duration is identified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.3 Symbols:As = nominal specimen exposed
31、surface area, 0.01 m2.C = calibration constant for oxygen consumption analysis, m1/2 kg1/2 K1/2.hc = net heat of combustion, kJ/kg. hc,eff = effective heat of combustion, kJ/kg.I = actual beam intensity.Io = beam intensity with no smoke.k = smoke extinction coefficient, m1.L = extinction beam path l
32、ength, m.m = specimen mass, kg.mf = final specimen mass, kg.mi = initial specimen mass, kg.m = specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.P = orifice meter pressure differential, Pa.q“tot = total heat released, kJ/m2 (Note that kJ kWs).q = heat release rate, kW.q“ = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m2.q“max =
33、 maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/m2).q“180 = average heat release rate, per unit area, over the time period starting at tig and ending 180 s later (kW/m2).r = repeatability (the units are the same as for the variable being characterized).R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for
34、 the variable being characterized).ro = stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio ().sr = sample-based standard deviation estimate for repeatability (same units as r).sR = sample-based standard deviation estimate for reproducibility (same units as R).t = time, s.td = oxygen analyzer delay time, s.tig =
35、time to sustained flaming (s). = density (kg/m3).t = sampling time interval, s.Te = absolute temperature of gas at the orifice meter, K.V = volume exhaust flow rate, measured at the location of the laser photometer, m3/s.XO2 = oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O2 ().XO20 = initial value of oxyg
36、en analyzer reading ().XO21 = oxygen analyzer reading, before delay time correction ().f = specific extinction area, for smoke, m2/kg.r = repeatability standard deviation (same units as r).R = reproducibility standard deviation (same units as R).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based
37、 on the observation (1)4 that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amountof oxygen required for combustion. The relationship is that approximately 13.1 103 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygenconsumed. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, whi
38、le being subjected to a predetermined initial test heatflux, which can be set from 0 to 100 kW/m2. The test permits burning to occur either with or without spark ignition. The primarymeasurements are oxygen concentrations and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the mass-loss rate
39、of thespecimen, the time to sustained flaming and smoke obscuration, or as required in the relevant material or performance standard.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the testmaterial. Also
40、included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, andsmoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended enduse.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list
41、 of references at the end of this test method.E1354 1335.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11.5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use product
42、s that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 General:6.1.1 All dimensions given in the figures that are followed by an asterisk are mandatory, and shall be followed within nominaltolerances of 61 mm, unless otherwise specified. Particularly critical dimensions are f
43、ollowed by an asterisk in Figs. 1-12.6.1.2 The test apparatus5 shall consist essentially of the following components: a conical radiant electric heater, capable ofhorizontal or vertical orientation; specimen holders, different for the two orientations; an exhaust gas system with oxygenmonitoring and
44、 flow measuring instrumentation; an electric ignition spark plug; a data collection and analysis system; and a loadcell for measuring specimen mass loss. A general view of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1; a cross section through the heater inFig. 2; and exploded views of horizontal and vertical ori
45、entations in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation of the test apparatus are given in Ref (2).6.2 Conical Heater:6.2.1 The active element of the heater shall consist of an electrical heater rod, rated at 5000 W at 240 V, tightly wound into theshape of a truncat
46、ed cone (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). The heater shall be encased on the outside with a double-wall stainless steel cone,packed with a refractory fiber material of approximately 100 kg/m3 density.6.2.2 The heater shall be hinged so it can be swung into either a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The heate
47、r shall be capableof producing irradiances on the surface of the specimen of up to 100 kW/m2. The irradiance shall be uniform within the central50 by 50-mm area of the specimen to within 62 % in the horizontal orientation and to within 610 % in the vertical orientation.As the geometry of the heater
48、is critical, the dimensions on Fig. 2 are mandatory.6.2.3 The irradiance from the heater shall be capable of being held at a preset level by means of a temperature controller andthree type K stainless steel sheathed thermocouples, symmetrically disposed and in contact with, but not welded to, the he
49、aterelement (see Fig. 2). The thermocouples shall be of equal length and wired in parallel to the temperature controller. The standardthermocouples are sheathed, 1.5 and 1.6 mm outside diameter, with an unexposed hot junction. Alternatively, either 3 mm outsidediameter sheathed thermocouples with an exposed hot junction or 1 mm outside diameter sheathed thermocouples with unexposedhot junction can be used.6.3 Temperature Controller:5 A list of suppliers of this apparatus is available from ASTM Headquarters.NOTE 1All dimensions are
