1、Designation: E2282 13 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDefining the Test Result of a Test Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines foridentifying the elements that comprise the test result of a testm
3、ethod and to illustrate how these elements combine into thetest result.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 3534 StatisticsVocabulary and Symbols, P
4、art 2:Applied Statistics3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor a more extensive list of terms in E11standards, refer to Terminology E456.3.1.1 characteristic, na property of items in a sample orpopulation which, when measured, counted or otherwiseobserved, helps to distinguish between the items.3.1.2 obse
5、rvation, nthe process of obtaining informationregarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a testspecimen, or of making a reading on a characteristic ordimension of a test specimen.3.1.2.1 DiscussionObservation is also associated with theattribute or measurement information obtained from the
6、 pro-cess. The term “observed value” is preferred for this secondusage.3.1.3 observed value, nthe value obtained by making anobservation.3.1.4 test determination, nthe value of a characteristic ordimension of a single test specimen derived from one or moreobserved values.3.1.5 test method, na defini
7、tive procedure that produces atest result.3.1.5.1 DiscussionExamples of test methods include, butare not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluationof one or more qualities, characteristics, or properties. ASTMRegulations 2.2.63.1.6 test observation, nsee observation.3.1.7 test result, n
8、the value of a characteristic obtained bycarrying out a specified test method.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThe test method specifies that one or anumber of individual observations be made, and their averageor another appropriate function, (such as the median or thestandard deviation), be reported as the test r
9、esult. It can alsorequire standard corrections to be applied, such as correction ofgas volumes to standard temperature and pressure. Thus, a testresult can be a result calculated from several observed values.In the simple case, the test result is the observed value itself.ISO 3534-23.1.8 test specim
10、en, nthe portion of a test unit needed toobtain a single test determination.3.1.8.1 DiscussionWhen used for a physical test, this issometimes called “test piece.” For a chemical test, it issometimes called test portion or test sample. For optical andother tests, it is also sometimes called test samp
11、le. In inter-laboratory evaluation of test methods and other statisticalprocedures, it is best to reserve the word sample for the wholeamount of material involved and not the individual testspecimens, pieces or portions being tested.3.1.9 test unit, nthe total quantity of material (containingone or
12、more test specimens) needed to obtain a test result asspecified in the test method. (See test result.)4. Significance and Use4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a testresult. This guide provides information on the construction oftest results from more elemental measurements.4.2 A well
13、 defined test result is necessary before anyprecision statements can be made about the test method.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test MethodEvaluation and Quality ControlCurrent edition
14、approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2282 09. DOI:10.1520/E2282-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2.1 Form and Style for ASTM Standards, Section A21,requires that every test method shall contain a statementregarding its precision, preferably as a result of an interlabo-ratory test program. Reporting of such studies is described inPr
17、actice E177, which illustrates the development of test resultsfrom observations and test determinations.4.2.2 Precision statements for ASTM test methods areapplicable to test results. They are not applicable to testdeterminations or observations, unless specifically and clearlyindicated otherwise.5.
18、 Developing the Test Result5.1 A test method may have three distinct stages: (1) thedirect measurement or observation of dimensions or properties,or the occurrence of an event; (2) the arithmetical combinationof observed values to obtain a single determination; and (3) thearithmetical combination of
19、 a number of determinations toobtain the test result of a test method.5.2 Observation:5.2.1 An observation or observed value should be inter-preted as the most elemental single reading or correctedreading obtained in the process of making a test or measure-ment.5.2.2 An observation may be a classifi
20、cation into one of twocategories or a numerical value on a continuous scale. Anobservation may involve a direct reading (for example, azero-adjusted micrometer reading of the thickness of a test stripat one position along the strip) or it may require the interpo-lation of the reading from a calibrat
21、ion curve.5.3 Test Determination:5.3.1 For a quantitative test method, a test determinationmay be described as the process of calculating from one ormore observations a property of a single test specimen, or asthe value obtained from the process. Thus, a test determinationmay summarize or combine on
22、e or more observations.5.3.2 For a qualitative test, such as a binary procedure, thetest determination may be the total number of items falling intoone of the two classifications following repetition of the basicprotocol.5.3.3 In some cases the protocol may require observations tobe made under sever
23、al test conditions and then calculating atest determination from these observations.5.3.4 Test methods for chemical properties are often basedon comparison of the response for a sample to responses of aknown standard substance at varying concentrations. Thestandard curve relates response to concentr
24、ation of the sub-stance of interest. Responses belonging to the standard curve,and to test specimens, are test observations. The test determi-nation is calculated from the response, or average of multipleresponses, for the test specimen using an equation for thestandard curve.5.3.5 Examples of a Tes
25、t Determination:5.3.5.1 The measurement of the density of a test specimenmay involve the separate observation of the mass and thevolume of the specimen and the calculation of the ratiomass/volume. The density calculated from the ratio of one pairof mass and volume observations made on one specimen i
26、s atest determination.5.3.5.2 The determination of the thickness of a test speci-men strip may involve averaging micrometer caliper observa-tions taken at several points along the strip.5.3.5.3 A set of three cigarettes is ignited on a fabric. Eachcigarette is observed to burn or not burn. The numbe
27、r of burnsout of the set of three is a test determination.5.4 Test Result:5.4.1 In general, the test method should describe not onlythe manner in which each test determination is to be made, butalso the number of test determinations to be made and howthese are to be combined to provide the test resu
28、lt.5.4.2 Examples of a Test Result:5.4.2.1 The test method on density might require that themass and volume observations of a specimen be combined togive a test determination of density (5.3.5.1) and the testdetermination of each of five specimens be averaged to give atest result.5.4.2.2 The test me
29、thod for paper thickness may require thatthe determination of strip thickness in 5.3.5.2 be made on tenstrips and that the ten test determinations be averaged to givethe test result.5.4.2.3 The test method for a tensile strength test of papermay specify that a tensile strength determination be perfo
30、rmedon each of ten specimens and that the ten tensile test determi-nations be averaged to get the test result.5.4.2.4 In a chemical analysis, the method may call for thepreparation of a single solution from the sample (test sampleunit), and measurement on three aliquots (specimens) of thesolution. T
31、he average of the three analytical test determinationswould then be the test result. Alternatively, the method maycall for test determinations to be made on different preparations(specimens) of the sample. The average of the determinationswould then be the test result for the test sample5.4.2.5 In r
32、ubber testing, the method may describe not onlythe shape of the test specimen to be taken from a sheet ofrubber, but also the preparation of the sheet, including com-pounding and curing. For example, one rubber test methodspecifies that four sheets be individually compounded andcured and three speci
33、mens tested from each sheet. The testresult is then defined as the average of the four medians, eachmedian being the middle determination, in the order ofmagnitude, of the three values obtained from a sheet.6. Keywords6.1 observation; test determination; test method; test resultE2282 132ASTM Interna
34、tional takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely th
35、eir own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should
36、 be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standa
37、rds, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E2282 133
