1、Designation: E694 99 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forLaboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers general requirements c
3、ommonto glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and toler-ances for applicable instruments are given in other specifica-tions as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conformto Specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance withPractice E542.1.1.1 Class AEach instrument shall
4、be marked with theletter A to signify compliance with applicable construction andaccuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with anidentification marker (serial number) at the option of themanufacturer.1.1.2 Class BGeneral purpose instruments are of the samebasic design as Class A. However, vo
5、lumetric tolerances forClass B instruments shall be within twice the specified rangeallowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementE237 Specification for Laboratory Glass MicrovolumetricVessels (Volumetric Fla
6、sks and Centrifuge Tubes)E287 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated BuretsE288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric FlasksE438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory ApparatusE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE671 Specification for Maximum Permissible Th
7、ermal Re-sidual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory ApparatusE675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Stop-cocks And StoppersE676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-GroundJointsE788 Specification for Pipet, Blood DilutingE911 Specification for Glass Stopcocks with Polytetrafluo-roeth
8、ylene (PTFE) PlugsE969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) PipetsE1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli HemoglobinE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-dersE1878 Specification for Laboratory Glass VolumetricFlasks, Special Use3. General Requirements3.1 Units of VolumeThe u
9、nit of volume shall be the cubiccentimetre (cm3) or, in special cases, the cubic decimetre (dm3)or cubic millimetre (mm3).NOTE 1The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special namefor the cubic centimetre (cm3) and, similarly the litre for the cubicdecimetre (dm3) and the microlitre (L) for t
10、he cubic millimetre (mm3),in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).3.2 Standard TemperatureThe standard reference tem-perature, that is, the temperature at which the article ofvolumetric glassware is intended to contain or deliver itsnominal volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20C.N
11、OTE 2When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at anambient temperature considerably above 20C, and it is not desired to usethe standard reference temperature of 20C, it is recommended that atemperature of 27C be adopted.3.3 Material and AnnealingVolumetric glassware shall beconstructed of
12、glass of suitable chemical and thermal proper-ties. It shall be as free as possible from visible defects and shallconform to Specification E671.3.4 Limit of ErrorOn an article having multiple gradua-tion lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at anygraduation line unless otherwise specified.
13、 For example, on a100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of 61.00mL, the volume at 10 mL could range from 9.00 to 11.00 mL.3.5 StabilityVessels provided with a flat base shall standfirmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surfaceand, unless specified otherwise, the axis of th
14、e graduatedportion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for special1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 onLaboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 onApparatus.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally
15、 approvedin 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E694 99 (2005). DOI:10.1520/E0694-99R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
16、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cases, vessels shall not topple when placed empty and withouta stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal of15 for sizes 25 cm3or
17、 greater and 10 for vessels less than 25cm3. Vessels provided with a base that is not circular shall meetthis requirement in all directions.3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:3.6.1 StoppersGlass stoppers should be ground so as to beinterchangeable, in which case the ground portions shall be inaccordance wit
18、h Specification E675. Stoppers of a suitableinert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative toglass. In such cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fitsshall be in accordance with Specification E675. All stoppersshall bear a proper size identification.3.6.2 StopcocksStopcocks and
19、similar devices shall bedesigned to permit smooth and precise control of outflow andto prevent a rate of leakage greater than that allowed in thespecification for the article and shall be in accordance withSpecification E675. Stopcocks shall be made from glass orfrom suitable inert plastics material
20、.3.7 Graduation Lines:3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines ofuniform vertical thickness. This thickness shall be 0.20.6 mmfor articles not having a scale. On articles having a scale, thespecified thickness of the lines shall be 0.20.4 mm. Allgraduation lines shall lie in planes at
21、right angles to thelongitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article. Onarticles provided with a flat base, the graduation lines shalltherefore lie in planes parallel to the base.3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined tocylindrical portions of an articles cross section and sho
22、uldpreferably be situated not less than 10 mm from any change indiameter. In special circumstances, preferably for Class Barticles only, graduation lines may be provided on a parallelside portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical ortapered portion of the article.3.7.3 On articles not havi
23、ng a scale, all graduation linesshould extend completely around the circumference of thearticle, except that a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the circum-ference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that isrestricted as to the normal direction of viewing in use, the gapshould be at the right or l
24、eft of the normal direction of view.3.8 Spacing of Graduation LinesThere should be noevident irregularity spacing of graduation lines (except inspecial cases where the scale is on a conical or tapered portionof the article and a change of subdivision takes place). Theminimum distance, L, between the
25、 centers of adjacent gradu-ation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than thatcalculated as follows:L 5 0.8 1 0.02D! (1)where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of thetube in millimetres (see also Annex A1).3.9 Length of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1)On articles ofcircular cro
26、ss section having a scale, the length of the gradu-ation lines shall be varied so as to be clearly distinguishableand shall be in accordance with the following provisions:3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be approxi-mately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumf
27、erence of thearticle.3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-mately 65 % of the circumference of the article and shouldextend symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the shortlines.3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely around thecircumference of the article, but a gap,
28、 not exceeding 10 % ofthe circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:3.9.2.1 The length of the short lines should be not less than10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of thearticle.3.9.2.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-mately 1.5 times the le
29、ngth of the short lines and should extendsymmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.3.9.2.3 The long lines should extend completely around thecircumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % ofthe circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:3.9.
30、3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of thearticle.3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extendsymmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short line
31、s.3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less thantwice the length of the short lines and should extend symmetri-cally at each end beyond the ends of the short and mediumlines.FIG. 1 Position of Graduation LinesE694 99 (2010)23.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on noncir-cul
32、ar cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article,the requirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modifiedappropriately.3.10 Sequence of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 2):3.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of thesmallest scale division is millilitre (or a decimal multiple
33、 orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;3.10.1.2 There is a medium line midway between twoconsecutive long lines; and3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutivemedium and long lines.3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of thesmallest scale
34、 division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a long line; and3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutivelong lines.3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of thesmallest scale division is 5 mL (or a decimal multiple
35、 orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;3.10.3.2 There are four medium lines equally spaced be-tween two consecutive long lines; and3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutivemedium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines.3.11 Position of G
36、raduation Lines (see Fig. 1):3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I withvertical scales in accordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the shortgraduation lines shall lie on an imaginary vertical line down thecenter of the front of the article, the lines themselves extendingpreferably to the lef
37、t when the article is viewed from the frontin the position of normal use.3.11.2 On articles graduated according to Pattern II or III,with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, themidpoints of the short and medium graduation lines shall lie onan imaginary vertical line down the center of
38、 the front of thearticle, when the article is viewed from the front in the positionof normal use.3.12 Two scales are not permitted on the same piece ofapparatus. For example, apparatus should not be graduated inboth fluid ounces and millilitres (cubic centimetres). In the caseof two units, one of wh
39、ich is an exact multiple of the other,such, for example, as drams and fluid ounces, there is noobjective to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., markedrespectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fluid oz, etc., provided that the twoseries of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatusand the value of e
40、ach subdivision is suitably indicated.3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:3.13.1 On articles with one graduation line, the numberrepresenting nominal capacity may be included with the otherinscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation li
41、nes, thenumbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent tothe lines to which they relate, if some other more suitablemethod of identification is used.3.13.3 On articles having one principal graduation line anda small number of subsidiary lines, the number representing theprincipal capacit
42、y may be included with the other inscriptionsas in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines aresuitably identified.3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:3.13.4.1 The scale shall be figured so as to enable the valuecorresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;3.13.4.2 The sc
43、ale should have normally only one set offigures;3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;3.13.4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation linesand should be placed immediately above the line and slightlyto the right of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; andNOTE 3Where long lines
44、complying with 3.9.2 are used (that is, thoselines not extending completely around the article), an alternative schemeof figuring may be permitted, in which the figure is placed slightly to theright of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the linewould bisect it.3.13.4.5 Where
45、 it is necessary in special cases to use anumber relating to a medium or short graduation line, theFIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation LinesE694 99 (2010)3number should be placed slightly to the right of the end of theline in such a way that an extension of the line would bisect it.3.14 Inscrip
46、tions:3.14.1 Every instrument shall bear in permanent legiblecharacters the capacity, the temperature at which it is to beused, the method of use (that is, whether to contain or todeliver), and on instruments that deliver through an outflownozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacit
47、ywith unrestricted outflow. The inscriptions may be engraved orprinted provided such marking is neat and clear. Grit-blastedserial numbers will be permitted with the same provision.Every instrument shall bear the name or trademark of themaker. Every ClassAinstrument may bear the symbol A. Serialnumb
48、ers may be marked on each instrument at the option of themanufacturer and detachable parts, such as stoppers, stop-cocks, etc., belonging thereto, if not interchangeably ground,shall bear the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass partsshall be marked on both members with the proper standardtaper
49、 symbol and the size designation, in accordance withSpecification E676. Fig. 3 illustrates several arrangements ofdesignating marks that are considered suitable. Marks may beplaced elsewhere on apparatus if they are easily readable anddo not interfere with the proper use of the apparatus.3.14.2 In the case of a special-purpose article of volumetricglassware that is to be graduated for direct reading of capacitywhen used with a specific liquid other than water, the specifi-cation should also indicate the corresponding capacity whenused to disperse pure wate
