1、Designation: F 1978 00 (2007)e2Standard Test Method forMeasuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal SprayCoatings by Using the Taber Abraser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made to Sections 6, 7, and 8 in February 2007.e2NOTEFormatting an
3、d grammar were corrected editorially throughout in April 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance ofmetallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flatmetallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizingcoatings used on surgical implants.1.2 This test
4、uses the Taber Abraser,2which generates acombination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coatingsurface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss.1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens thatdo not react significantly with water and do not undergo aphase transformation or c
5、hemical reaction between roomtemperature and 100C in air.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applicablere
6、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abraser, ninstrument that is designed to determinethe r
7、esistance of surfaces to composite rolling and rubbingaction.3.1.2 particle shedding, nloss of surface particles andfragments from a coating.3.1.3 thermal spray coating, ncoating produced by spray-ing melted or softened powder or wire by means of combus-tible gases, plasma, or two-wire arc.3.1.4 wei
8、ght loss, namount of mass removed by the testapparatus over the course of testing.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Taber Abraser with H-22Calibrade (trademarked) wheels2and the 250-g mass of theabrading head without added weights. Specimens are abradedrepeatedly and cleaned ultra
9、sonically for a set number (2 to100) of rotational cycles. The specimens are weighed after eachcleaning, and the mass loss is the measure of abrasive wear tothe specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate theresistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coa
10、ting. Suchparticle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of animplant or as the result of micromotion of the implant afterinsertion.5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for qualitycontrol analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate theeffects of processing variables, such a
11、s substrate preparationbefore coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, orpostcoating treatments, any of which may influence the sus-ceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped speci-mens of a size sufficient that the wheels of
12、the abrader do notleave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended,however, for devices with other shapes or sizes.6. Apparatus6.1 Taber Abraser Model 5150, or equivalent.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on Medicaland Surgical Materials and Devices and is the
13、 direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF04.15 on Material Test Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 1978 00e1.2Trademarked. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to thecommittee at th
14、is time is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. Ifyou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend.3For referenced ASTM st
15、andards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
16、, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Two H-22 Taber Calibrade Wheels, or equivalent, withabrading head of 250-g mass and no added weights.6.3 Taber Vacuum Unit, made by Shop-Vac (trademarked),27.4 amps, or equivalent.6.4 Taber Wheel Refacer Model 250,2or equivalent6.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit, for cle
17、aning specimens afterabrading.6.6 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 100 6 2C, fordrying specimens.6.7 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens toan accuracy of 0.0001 g.7. Test Specimen7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be 10-cm (4-in.) squaresor 10-cm diameter circles of at least 0.16-cm
18、 (0.0625-in.)thickness with a 0.64-cm (0.25-in.) diameter hole through thecenter to allow the specimen to fit on the specimen table screwof the Taber Abraser. For substrates other than titanium,consideration shall be given to the weight of the test specimenrelative to the capacity of the analytical
19、balance.7.2 The coating shall be applied in a manner representativeof that used on the finished surgical implant.7.3 A minimum of six samples for each coating shall betested. At least one set shall contain seven samples.7.4 One specimen, randomly selected, from each group ofsix specimens shall be re
20、served to measure weight loss causedby ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the“blank” specimen and shall be weighed, cleaned, and re-weighed for an equal number of times to the cleaning andweighing of the abraded specimen.7.5 Of the seven sample set, one sample shall be selected todet
21、ermine the time required for ultrasonic cleaning.8. Procedure8.1 General Test Conditions:8.1.1 Prepare a fresh cleaning solution for the ultrasoniccleaner by adding 0.1 6 0.005 g of reagent grade NaCl to eachlitre of deionized water.8.1.2 Resurface the abrading wheels using the Taber WheelRefacer Mo
22、del 250 for each new specimen. Check the radius ofthe wheel. It is essential that the radius of the abrading wheelsnot fall below the marked minimum level over the course of thetest. Should the wheel radius fall below the labeled mark, thetest run shall be discarded and a new specimen shall be run i
23、nits place.8.1.3 Mount the wheels by placing the wheel marked “LeftWheel” on the left hand abrading head and the wheel marked“Right Wheel” on the right hand abrading head.8.1.4 Before running the battery of tests, the ultrasoniccleaner shall be evaluated. This shall be done by by selectingthe coated
24、 extra coated sample from Step 7.3, 7.5, andabrading.8.1.4.1 Using the analytical balance, weigh the sample nofewer than three times and record the average weight of thesemeasurements.8.1.4.2 Place the sample on the Taber Abraser, as describedin 8.2.58.1.4.3 Set the Taber Abraser for ten cumulative
25、cycles andstart the turntable.8.1.4.4 Clean the sample for ten minutes with a fresh salinesolution, using the ultrasonic cleaner to be used for the coatinganalysis.8.1.4.5 Place the cleaned sample in a 100C oven and dryfor 10 min.8.1.4.6 Allow the sample to cool to room temperaturebefore weighing8.1
26、.4.7 Using the analytical balance, weigh the sample nofewer than three times and record the average weight of thesemeasurements.8.1.4.8 Repeat Steps 8.1.4.4-8.1.4.7 until the same mass(within balance error) is recorded for two consecutive clean-ings.8.1.4.9 Record the total number of cleanings used
27、in8.1.4.4-8.1.4.8.8.1.4.10 Determine the required cleaning time necessary toobtain a stable mass, as (10(n-1) min, where n is the totalnumber of cleanings determined in 8.1.4.9.8.1.5 Abrasion shall be done with only the 250-g mass ofthe abrading head assembly. No extra weights shall be added tothe a
28、brading head.8.1.6 If there is more than one set of specimens to test, thespecimens shall be tested in a random sequence.8.1.7 A single complete specimen run shall consist of aseries of partial runs, commencing with an initial two-cyclepartial run and continuing until 100 cycles have been com-pleted
29、. Once a specimen run is initiated, no other specimensshall be tested using the same wheel until the specimen run isfinished.8.1.8 At the start of each new complete specimen run, thedisplay indicating the number of cycles run shall be reset. Thisis done by pressing the “reset cycles completed” butto
30、n. TheTaber Abraser counts cumulative cycles (cycles completed)and so the number of cycles set for each partial run shall be thecumulative number of cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100) designated asthe end of that partial run.8.1.9 Reference StandardsEach group of six specimensshall include one unabraded “bla
31、nk” specimen, as specified in7.4. Once in every six tests, an unabraded specimen shall beused as a control to determine the weight loss caused by theultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be weighed, cleaned,and reweighed for as many cycles as would normally be usedif abrasion testing were being p
32、erformed. These values shall belogged as “blank” weight loss values.8.2 Operation:8.2.1 Clean the specimen for the time determined in8.1.4.10 using an ultrasonic cleaner with saline solution. Thissolution shall be changed to a fresh solution before the firstcleaning done that day.8.2.2 Place the cle
33、aned specimen in a 100C oven for 10min to dry.8.2.3 Allow the specimen to cool to room temperaturebefore weighing.8.2.4 Using the analytical balance, weigh the specimen nofewer than three times, and record the average of these weightmeasurements on a data sheet.8.2.5 Place the specimen on the Taber
34、Abraser, coating sideup such that the specimen screw projects through the hole inF 1978 00 (2007)e22the center of the specimen. Place the clamp plate over thespecimen, and secure the specimen and clamp to the turntableusing the clamp nut. Lower the abrading heads gently so thatabrading wheels rest o
35、n the surface of the specimen. Lower thevacuum pick up after the abrading heads are resting on thecoating surface.8.2.6 Set the Taber Abraser to reach the appropriate numberof cumulative cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100). Set the vacuum suctionlevel by depressing the “vacuum suction level” key andentering 1
36、00. Start the Taber vacuum prior to beginning the testby depressing the “vacuum only” key. Let the vacuum run forno less than5stoallow the vacuum to reach full power, thenstart the turntable rotation by pressing the “start” key. When theturntable rotation for the specific partial run is completed, t
37、urnoff the abraser and vacuum by pressing the “stop” key.8.2.7 Clean, dry, cool, and weigh the specimen as before(see 8.2.1-8.2.4).8.2.8 Repeat Steps 8.2.5-8.2.7 for 5, 10, and 100 cumulativecycles.8.2.9 Repeat the steps specified in 8.2.1-8.2.8 for all speci-mens not reserved as blanks for the test
38、.8.2.10 Run each blank through the steps specified in 8.2.1-8.2.8 skipping the steps specified in 8.2.5 and 8.2.6.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the cumulative mass loss for each specimenfor the number of revolutions used with the following equation:Dwn5,wo. ,wn. (1)where:n = number of cumulative cycle
39、s to which specimenhas been exposed (2, 5, 10, 100),Dwn= cumulative mass loss for n cycles,= average of three mass measurements at start thestart of the test, and= average of three mass measurements after n cumu-lative cycles.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following information:10.1.1 I
40、dentification of the test coupon materials includingtraceability information, such as coating process lot and rawmaterial lot numbers.10.1.2 Dimensional data including coupon dimensions andcoating thickness dimensions.10.1.3 The number of specimens tested.10.1.4 Nominal laboratory temperature and hu
41、midity duringthe test.10.1.5 The number of minutes needed for ultrasonic clean-ing, as determined in 8.1.4.10.10.1.6 All cumulative mass losses associated with eachspecimen or blank following abrasion.10.1.7 The mean cumulative mass loss and its standarddeviation for 2, 5, 10, and 100 cycles.10.1.8
42、Observations made during the course of the study,including but not limited to, observation of wear tracks andwhen they occur, appearance of discoloration of specimen,removal of large sections of coating, and evidence of corrosion.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory study (ILS) was conducte
43、d to es-tablish the precision and bias of this test method. The numberof laboratories, materials, and determinations in this study meetthe minimum requirements for determining precision as pre-scribed in Practice E 691 (see Table 1). These tests were donefor 2, 5, 10, and 100 cycles for a total of 1
44、2 material and cyclecombinations.11.2 PrecisionPrecision, characterized by repeatability,Sr, and reproducibility, SR, have been determined for thematerials and cycle combinations provided in Table 2.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion; particle shedding; porous coatings; TaberAbraser; thermal spray coatings;
45、wearTABLE 1 ILS Study ParametersThis Study Practice E 691 minLaboratories 6 6Materials 3 3Determinations 5 2F 1978 00 (2007)e23APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 Abrasion may occur in implantable devices withmetallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes. Exces-sive weight lo
46、ss, however, is undesirable, as it may lead to thirdbody wear of articulating surfaces.X1.2 Although the use of sprayed flat specimens and theTaber Abraser do not mimic the effect of bone and daily usage,this test method has been shown to be a reliable measure of theaverage wear/abrasion resistance
47、of a thermal spray coating.X1.3 Measurements are taken at 2, 5, 10, and 100 cycles. Aminimum of two cycles was chosen to ensure that the turntableof the Taber Abraser makes at least one complete rotationbefore any abrasion weight loss values are determined. After100 cycles, which is the set maximum
48、number of cycles, themechanism of wear is no longer related to particle shedding.X1.4 The ultrasonic cleaning solution used, as of yet, hashad no corrosive effect on the coupons tested. Deionized wateris used because it is both readily available and has a minimalamount of contaminants. A small amoun
49、t of sodium chloride isadded to the deionized water to neutralize the corrosiveness ofthe water. The amount of salt is well below the amount used fora physiologic saline solution and does not require that thespecimens be rinsed with water after ultrasonic cleaning.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entire
