1、Designation: F 2601 07Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candle Accessories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification prescribes requirements for candleaccessories to help ensure a reasonable degree of safety fornormal use, thereby improving pe
3、rsonal safety and reducingfires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safetypractices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of prod-uct when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppressionsystems.1.3 Candles burn with an open flame. Precautions must be
4、taken to ensure that the flame does not ignite combustiblematerials and initiate a larger fire. To that end, this specificationestablishes minimum safety requirements for candle accesso-ries.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for
5、informationonly.1.5 This specification is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assembli
6、es underactual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio
7、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF 1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory ItemsF 2058 Specification for Cautionary Labeling for Ca
8、ndlesBurned in a HomeF 2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles2.2 ANSI Standard:3ANSI Z535.4 2002 Product Safety Signs and Labels2.3 Federal Standard:416 CFR 1500 Hazardous Substances and Articles; Adminis-tration and Enforcement Regulations3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain candle-related
9、terminology has al-ready been addressed in Guide F 1972. Certain additionalfire-related terminology is found in Terminology E 176. Thereader is directed to those standards for definitions not found in3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3 burn time, ntotal length of time from whi
10、ch the flamepropagates away from the ignition source until it goes out on itsown.3.4 candle accessory, nobject designed, intended, or mar-keted for use with a candle.3.5 candle burner, ndevice that has an enclosed, butvented, area in which to put a candle, said candle providing asource of heat or li
11、ght or both.3.6 candle ring, ntype of candle accessory intended tosurround the candle with decorative materials in proximity to acandle, excluding containers and holders.3.7 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.7.1 DiscussionThe combustion is typically evidencedby glow or flame. The combustion may
12、be sustained ortransient.3.8 noncombustible, adjrefers to a material that, in theform in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated,does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flam-mable vapors when subjected to fire or heat.3.8.1 DiscussionMaterials that are reported as passing
13、Test Method E 136 are considered noncombustible materials.3.9 potpourri burner, ncandle burner designed to providea source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneous material.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Su
14、bcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
15、 Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, ht
16、tp:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Safety Requirements4.1 This safety requirement applies to all candle rings withthe following exceptions: rings constructed exclusively ofnoncombustible materia
17、ls, rings constructed exclusively of liveplants or fresh cut flowers, or both, that remain hydrated duringtheir intended life, or items including rings that incorporatebarrier technology (see 5.2.4.12-5.2.4.14). Class a is thedesignation given to candle rings that pass the flammabilityrequirements f
18、or candle rings (4.1.2.1). Class b is the desig-nation given to candle rings that do not pass the flammabilityrequirements for candle rings. Class b rings are intended foruse with candle systems that provide a barrier designed to keepthe candle flame from coming in contact with the candle ring.Class
19、 b rings shall carry a safety label affixed to the product.The Class b label shall be visible at the point of sale (4.1.2.2).54.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle rings are used in proximity to a knownsource of ignition (candle flame).4.1.1.2 Flammable components of candle rings increase therisk of fires
20、when using candle products.4.1.1.3 Some candle rings have difficulty meeting the flam-mability requirements for candle rings because of the technicalproblems in developing complying products. These flammableproducts, designated Class b, will require a label to alert theconsumer at point of purchase
21、of the flammability potential ofthe product. (See Note 1.)4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 A candle ring, designated as Class a, shall pass theflammability requirements for candle rings if, when testedaccording to 5.2, it does not ignite or has a burn time less thanor equal to an average of 30
22、s before extinguishing whentesting three samples per component. The maximum allowableburn time to extinguish for any one test shall not exceed 60 s.During the test, flaming shall not spread over the entire sample.4.1.2.2 A candle ring designated as Class b (one that isintended for use with candle sy
23、stems that provide a barrierdesigned to keep the candle flame from coming in contact withthe candle ring but that fails to comply with the requirementdetailed in 4.1.2.1) shall have a conspicuous label attached thatshall contain the language in Fig. 1.4.1.2.3 The label shall contain a safety alert s
24、ymbol which isa black triangle with a black exclamation point. The signalword “warning” shall follow the safety alert symbol and will beall uppercase, black text with a orange background. The wordmessage shall contain the word flammable in all uppercase textwith the warning immediately following. Th
25、e warning text sizeshall be at least 10-point font. A san serif font, such as Arial orHelvetica, shall be used. The label shall be prominentlydisplayed and securely attached to the product. If there areouter wrappings, the warning shall also exist on the outerwrappings. Further recommendations on th
26、e prescribed formatare found in ANSI Z535.4 2002. Additional information isfound in CFR 16 1500 which contains prominences, place-ments, and conspicuousness labeling requirements.NOTE 1It is the intent of Subcommittee F15.45 to review thisstandard within one year of the date of publication in relati
27、on to thepermissibility of the labeling option for class b rings.4.2 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment applies to all accessories intended to be used in directcontact with burning candles.4.2.1 RationaleThis requirement minimizes the hazardsof candle accessory/ensemble tip ov
28、er.4.2.2 Performance RequirementThe candle accessorymust not tip over when placed at a minimum 10.0 inclinewhen tested with the candle specified in 5.3.3.1(1) through5.3.3.1 (2).4.3 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners and PotpourriBurnersThis safety requirement applies to potpourri burners,cerami
29、c burners, and any other type of burner designed to usea candle as a source of heat or light or both.4.3.1 Rationale:4.3.1.1 Candle burners and potpourri burners can contributeto secondary ignition, excessive flame heights, or end of usefullife problems or all. These are often associated with the bu
30、ildupof heat or soot or both from candles placed in these types ofproducts.4.3.1.2 Candle burners and potpourri burners meeting theperformance requirement listed in 4.3.2 will reduce the risk offires initiated by candles used with these types of products.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1 A candl
31、e burner or potpourri burner shall pass theperformance requirements if there is no secondary ignition,excessive flame height, or end-of-useful life problems asdetailed in Specification F 2417 when the candle burner istested with a scented tealight (or other specified or suppliedcandle) according to
32、the candle burning performance testmethod found in the Candle Burning Performance Test sectionof Specification F 2417.4.3.2.2 Aminimum of three identical samples shall be testedeight times each with no failures allowed.5Candle rings that are sold incorporating barrier technology are exempt from thef
33、lammability requirements of this standard (5.2.4.13). Candle rings that fail theserequirements, are sold without barrier technology, and are intended to be used withbarrier technology are Class b rings and shall be labeled.FIG. 1 Warning LabelF2601072NOTE 2Research6indicates that items with a small
34、internal volume,low ceiling height, and limited ventilation are especially at risk to fail theflame height, end-of-useful life, and secondary ignition requirements ofSpecification F 2417.5. Test Methods5.1 Candle fire safety issues addressed by these test methodsinclude candle ring flammability, can
35、dle burner and potpourriburner accessories burn performance and stability.5.2 Flammability of Candle Rings:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodComponents of candlerings are tested on a flat noncombustible surface for sustainedignition. Components of the ring are tested for flammabilitythrough contact with t
36、he flame source for up to 60 s. Each testis monitored for sustained ignition of the component. Threeseparate tests are performed on each type of component. Thetime for the sample to extinguish is measured.5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.5.2.2.2 Flame SourceAbutane diffusi
37、on flame intended torepresent a candle flame. The burner tube consists of a stainlesssteel tube with an outside diameter of approximately 8.0 mmand a wall thickness of 1.0 mm. The gas supply system consistsof a pressure gauge, flow meter, fine-control valve, andcylinder regulator providing an outlet
38、 pressure of 28.5 mbar(0.4 psi). The flow meter supplies butane gas at a constant rateof 45 mL/min at 25C. Under the specified conditions, theflame height is approximately 35 mm.NOTE 3Alternative flame sources can be used if the heat flux of theflame is 130 to 170 kW/m2and the flame temperature is a
39、t least 560C.5.2.2.3 Ring stand/clamp assembly.5.2.2.4 Stopwatch.5.2.2.5 Ruler.5.2.2.6 Thermometer.5.2.2.7 Hygrometer.5.2.3 Safety Hazards(WarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flames. Appropriate personalprotective equipment shall be used and safe work practicesshall be fo
40、llowed. Fire suppression equipment capable ofmitigating fires associated with candle accessory fire safetytesting shall be readily available during testing.)5.2.4 Procedure:5.2.4.1 The candle ring under test shall be conditionedbefore testing for at least 4 h at a temperature between 20 to30C (68 to
41、 86F) and a relative humidity of less than or equalto 55 %. All candle rings shall be tested in a burn test area thatwill be environmentally controlled to between 20 to 30C (68to 86F) and less than or equal to 70 % relative humidity. Onceremoved from the conditioning atmosphere, the candle ringsshal
42、l be tested within 1 h.5.2.4.2 The test shall be carried out with minimal distur-bance of the flame source in a test area of sufficient size toaccommodate the candle ring and prevent oxygen starvation ofthe flame source. The test surface shall be constructed of anoncombustible material and shall be
43、cleaned before conduct-ing each test, removing charred and molten materials or otherdebris from previous tests.5.2.4.3 The finished product is to be tested in an orientationtypical of the products intended use. The candle ring shall beplaced on the test surface such that it lays flat to simulatenorm
44、al use. For larger accessories, it may be necessary to usea larger specimen container so that the accessory lies flat tosimulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under thecandle ring unless that is how the candle ring is designed.5.2.4.4 If a candle ring is designed or advertised to be used
45、in several orientations or configurations, it shall be tested inevery orientation/configuration for which it was designed oradvertised (if the candle ring fails the acceptance requirementin any of the orientations tested, it will be considered a failure).5.2.4.5 The flame source is to be applied to
46、each uniquecomponent on the candle ring for a period of up to 60 s. Theflame source shall remain stationary during the ignition period.The flame source shall be positioned at an angle between 15and 45 (nonburning end of flame source higher than the flameend) from horizontal.5.2.4.6 Position the flam
47、e source such that its tip is station-ary. The tip of the flame source shall be positioned approxi-mately one half of the normal flame height away from the ringcomponent to be tested. For example, if the flame sourceproduces a flame approximately 35 mm (1.4 in.) in height, thetip of the flame source
48、 shall be positioned approximately 17.5mm (0.7 in.) away from the test component. This will put themidpoint of the flame in contact with the edge of the compo-nent to be tested. Ignite the flame source allowing the flame tomake contact with the candle ring component. Remove theflame source from the
49、candle ring component as soon as thecomponent is ignited. Measure and record the time from whenthe component first ignites with a self-sustained flame until thecandle ring extinguishes. If the candle ring component fails toignite after 60 s, remove the flame source and record burn timeas0s.5.2.4.7 Each candle ring shall be exposed to the flame ateach unique component, piece, and material. Note that a simplecircular candle ring made of a single material with a uniformthickness would only have to be tested at a single point. Acandle ring that has several d
