1、- - CIE 106 93 900b145 0004871 T8 = ISBN 3 900 734 46 1 CO M Mi SS ION I NTERNATI O NALE DE L C LAI RAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION CIE COLLECTION in Photobiology and Photochemistry Contents; I 0611 1 O612 i 0613 106/4 I O615 I 0616 i 0617 1 0618 D
2、etermining Ultraviolet Action Spectra Photokeratitis (reprint) Photoconjunctivitis (reprint) A Reference Action Spectrum for Ultraviolet Induced Erythema in Human Skin (reprint) Photobiological Effects in Plant Growth (reprint) Malignant Melanoma and Fluorescent Lighting(reprint) On the Quantificati
3、on of Environmental Exposures: Limitations of the Concept of Risk-to-Benefit Ratio Terminology of Photosynthetically Active Radiation for Plants Abstracts of CIE Publications prepared within Division 6 Publ. CIE106 1 st Edition 1993 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Infor
4、mation Handling ServicesCIE 106 93 9006145 0004872 904 = The Research Notes in this publication have been prepared by various CIE Technical Committees and Reporters within Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry“. Part of them were published in the CIE Journal between 1986 and 1988. The reports
5、draw on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and are intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that thestatus ofthe reports is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings, CIE
6、 NEW, future issues in the “CIE Collection“ Series or publication listings should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. les rapports de recherches ont t prpars par diffrents Comits Techniques et Rapporteurs dans la CIE de la Division 6 “Photobiologie et Photochimie“. Ils ont t publi
7、s en partie dans le CIE Journal entre 1986 et 1988. Les rapports traitent des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de Ia lumire et de lclairage, et ils ont t tablis pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que les
8、rapports sont indicatifs et non obligatoires. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE, CIE NEWS, ditions futures de la srie “CIE Collection“ ou les listes de publications de la CIE. Die Forschungsberichte wurden von verschiedenen Technischen Komitees
9、und Reportern der CIE in Division 6 “Photobiologie und Photochemie“ ausgearbeitet. Sie wurden zum Teil im CIE Journal in den Jahren 1986 bis 1988 verffentlicht. Die Berichte behandeln den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiet Licht und Beleuchtung; sie sind zur Vewendung durch
10、 CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da die Berichte Empfehlungen und keine Vorschriften sind. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte, das CIE NEWS, zuknftige Ausgaben in der Serie “CIE Collection“ oder die Publikationsliste sollten im Hinblick auf mgl
11、iche sptere Anderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whitst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit ni
12、mplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzei
13、chnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1993 II COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 106 93 E 9006345 0004873 840 m Contents Page Determining Ultraviolet Action Spectra
14、 I Photokeratitis 5 Photoconjunctivitis IO Photobiological Effects in Plant Growth A Reference Action Spectrum for Ultraviolet Induced Erythema in Human Skin 15 21 30 Malignant Melanoma and Fluorescent Lighting On the Quantification of Environmental Exposures: Limitations of the Concept of Terminolo
15、gy of Photosynthetically Active Radiation for Plants Risk-to-Benefit Ratio 35 42 Abstracts of CIE Publications Prepared within Division 6: 47 Photobiological Effects of Sunlamps (in Publ. CIE 89) On the Deterioration of Exhibited Museum Objects by Optical Radiation (in Publ.CIE 89) Sunscreen Testing
16、 (UV.B) (Pubi. CIE 90) Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation (Publ. CIE 98) Reference Action Spectra for Ultraviolet Induced Erythema and Pigmentation of Different Human Skin Types (in Publ. CIE 103) Biologically Effective Emissions and Hazard Potential of Desk-Top Luminaires Incorporating Tungsten Hal
17、ogen Lamps (in Publ. CIE 103) III COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 106 93 I 900bL45 0004874 787 = CIE RESEARCH NOTE DETERMINING ULTRAVIOLET ACTION SPECTRA ABSTRACT: DETERMINING ULTRAVIOLET ACTION SPECTRA Background information on photobio
18、logical action spectra is provided as a general introduction to the five previously published research notes that appeared in the CIE Journal and are now conveniently republished as a CIE COLLECTION in Photobiology and Photochemistry. This note also provides current information on international guid
19、ance related to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which supersedes earlier CIE recommendations regarding action spectra for photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: BESTIMMUNG ULTRAVIOLETTER WIRKUNGSFUNKTIONEN Hintergrundinformation ber photobiologische Wirkungsfunktionen wird als a
20、llgemeine Einleitung zu den fnf Research Notes gegeben, die im CIE Journal erschienen sind und jeta als CIE COLLECTION in Photobiology and Photochemistry neuerlich verffentlicht werden. Dieser Artikel bietet auch aktuelle Informationen ber internationale Richtlinien bezuglich ultravioletter Bestrahl
21、ung, die fmhere CIE Empfehlungen Ciber Wirkungsfunktionen fr Photokeratits und PhotokonjunMNitis ersetzt. RESUME: DETERMINATION DES SPECTRES DACTION ULTRAVIOLETS Dautres informations sur les spectres daction photobiologiques sont donnes comme introduction gnrale aux cinq Research Notes parus dans le
22、 CIE Journal, qui sont maintenant republis comme CIE COLLECTION in Photobiology and Photochemistry. Cet article fournit galement une information actuelle sur les guides internationals concernant le rayonnement ultraviolet, remplaant les recommendations prcdentes de la CIE portant sur les spectres da
23、ction pour photokratite et photoconjonctivite. i INTRODUCTION The purposes of this brief introductory note are to provide the reader with the fundamental concepts characteristic of all photobiological effects, to explain the difficulties of obtaining action spectra, to clarify the limitations of bio
24、logical action spectra, and to update CIE recommendations regarding the use of “standard“ photobiological actions spectra. This report is intended to provide background information which should be useful in interpreting the conclusions of two previous CIE research notes (10612 and 106/3) I, 21. 2 AC
25、TION SPECTRA In any quantitative description of a photobiological effect, it is absolutely critical to obtain the acfion spectrum. The action spectrum describes the relative effectiveness of monochromatic optical radiation to elicit a given biological response. The most familiar photobiological acti
26、on spectrum is the CIE visual response function, V, which forms the basis for the system of photometric units. However, photobiological action spectra exist for photokeratitis (an ultraviolet-induced inflammatory response of the cornea of the eye), erythema (sunburn), etc. In addition, an action spe
27、ctrum is useful in optimizing the use of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in any photochemical effect, such as UVR-curing of inks or paints. This CIE Research Note was prepared by Division 6 Director, D. Sliney US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21 O1 0-5422 USA. CIE Public
28、ation 106/1 1 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 106 93 9006345 0004875 613 m Photochemical (including photobiological) effects have a fundamental characteristic that the interaction at the molecular level results from one photon interacti
29、ng with one molecule to alter or break the molecule into two new molecular species. Since a certain minimum photon energy O, is required to produce the molecular alteration, any photochemical process necessarily will have a long-wavelength cut-off where photon energies are less than a critical value
30、 Qcrit and insufficient to cause the molecular change of interest, since: Q, = hcA Pl where h is Plancks Constant (approximately 6,6 X 3 x I 08 m/s). Jas) and c is the velocity of light (approximately 3 BUNSEN-ROSCOE LAW A photochemical reaction will also exhibit reciprocity between irradiance (expo
31、sure dose rate) and exposure duration. This is termed the “Bunsen-Roscoe Law.“ That is, a given radiant exposure in J/m2 is required to elicit a given response regardless of exposure duration over a wide range of exposure durations. Repair mechanisms, recombination over long periods and photon satur
32、ation for extremely short periods will lead to reciprocity failure. The product of irradiance E in W/m2 and exposure duration f is the radiant exposure H in Jim2, .e., H = E-t Pl While both E and H may be defined over the entire optical spectrum, it is necessary only to weight these quantities over
33、the extent of the action spectrum for photochemical effects. 4 EFFECTIVE IRRADIANCE AND RADIANT EXPOSURE In the same manner that spectroradiometnc measurements of a light source can be used to calculate photometric quantities such as illuminance by spectrally “weighting“ the spectral irradiance by V
34、, so too can a source spectrum be “weighted“ by other action spectra to calculate an “effective irradiance,“ which may be used to estimate the exposure duration necessary to produce the given effect. With modern computer spread-sheet programs, one can readily develop a method for spectrally weightin
35、g a source spectrum by a large variety of photochemical action spectra. These computations can be tedious, but straightfoward and take the form: where A, may be any action spectra of interest. One then can compare different sources to determine relative effectiveness of the same irradiance from seve
36、ral lamps for a given action spectrum. 5 PHOTOCHEMICAL VS. THERMAL EFFECTS It is not uncommon for photochemical effects to be confused with thermal effects. For example, erythema (“sunburn“) occurs after a critical radiant exposure as a result of a photochemical injury mechanism, rather than thermal
37、 injury, although one frequently senses warmth when exposed to sunlight. Two key factors distinguish a photochernical process from a thermal process. Thermal injury is a rafe process and is dependent upon the volumic absorption of energy across the spectrum. By contrast, photochemical effects occur
38、only over a given spectral range in accordance with an action spectrum and for a given threshold radiant exposure dose.“ 2 CIE Publication 106/1 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 106 93 9006145 0004876 55T 6 PHOTOKERATITIS AND PHOTOCONJUNC
39、TIVITIS In the first two of the following CIE Research Notes, the action spectra for photokeratitis (inflammation of the cornea) and photo-conjunctivitis (inflammation of the surrounding conjunctiva) arereprinted. These two Research Notes provide a good review of the literature and present the range
40、 of published data l, 21. Both notes conclude with a recommended action spectrum for use by lighting engineers for each effect based upon these reviews. The Note, Photokeraffjs, erroneously attributed support for the recommended action spectrum to the World Health Organization 3. The Note, Photoconj
41、unctjvitjs, proposes an action spectrum based on no biological data from ocular studies, but on an hypothesis that the conjunctiva should behave as the skin debtided of stratum corneum. Both notes implicitly assume that each effect has only one (“correct“) action spectrum. This seems to be a very re
42、asonable first assumption. However, because of different biological (or clinical) endpoints use to define the effect, multiple action spectra actually exist! The confusion over multiple action spectra arises because the photobiologist must define an obseivational threshold for the effect in terms of
43、 the “grade“ or degree of seveflty of the tissue response and must also specify the time of assessment. Furthermore, different optical examination aids and biochemical markers may be used in the assessment. Ail of these factors can lead to a different threshold at each wavelength; hence, a different
44、 action spectrum 3. When the physical scientist is faced with what appears to be different action spectra from conflicting sources, he or she is most likely to assume that one action spectrum is in error because of improper radiometric measurements or other physical errors. This variation of action
45、spectra based upon the time of assessment (e.g., 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hrs. etc.) and intensity of skin redness was first shown very clearly for erythema by Hausser in 1929 3, 41, and the lack of understanding of differing endpoints led to conflicting action spectra being published in the 1
46、960s by several authors 5, 61. For this reason, it has been necessary to derive a CIE reference erythema action spectrum 7, which is the third of the following republished notes. On the other hand, CIE Division 6 can no longer recommend the reference action spectra for ocular effects that were publi
47、shed in 1986. Since that time, other international bodies have recommended exposure limits which are more restrictive than in the Research Notes 8. The differences in action spectra for photokeratitis exist largely because of different biological endpoints and also different responses for human and
48、animai species used in the studies. The endpoint and threshold radiant exposures used by Cogan and Kinsey QI and Pitts lo differed. Pitts used a very sensitive threshold criteria which was a slight change in the number of vacuoles in the corneal epithelium (outermost layer of the cornea); whereas, C
49、ogan and Kinsey used a more severe inflammatory response to term “threshold.“ Hence, it is not surprising that a lower threshold was reported by Pitts compared to Cogan and Kinsey. The latter action spectrum is more indicative of what the average person would sense as an uncomfortable keratitis; whereas, the Pitis action spectrum probably provides the must sensitive endpoint for showing any effect. Hence the groups which have defined exposure limits (ELs) for safety have used the Pitts
