1、Cir 316AT/135Regional Differencesin International AirlineOperating Economics:2004 and 2005Approved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authorityInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationCopyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for Resa
2、leNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Cir 316AT/135Regional Differencesin International AirlineOperating Economics:2004 and 2005Approved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authorityInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationCopyright International Civil Av
3、iation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Published in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION 999 University Street, Montral, Quebec, C
4、anada H3C 5H7 For ordering information and for a complete listing of sales agents and booksellers, please go to the ICAO website at www.icao.int ICAO Cir 316, Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics: 2004 and 2005 Order Number: CIR316-CD ISBN 978-92-9231-129-2 ICAO 2008 All
5、 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the International Civil Aviation Organization. Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under
6、license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-(iii) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 Chapter 2. Levels of unit revenues 2 Passenger traffic. 2 Freight and mail traffic 2 Chapter 3. Regional differences in scheduled passenger uni
7、t revenues and related costs 4 Overall financial results by international route group 11 Comparison of results for 2005 with those for 2003 12 Variations in revenue/cost ratios among airlines. 18 Chapter 4. Factors causing regional differences in costs . 20 Aircraft mix and stage length. 20 Prices f
8、or aircraft fuel and oil. 21 Airport and associated charges. 24 Load factor 25 Other causes of regional differences in costs . 26 Summary of the causes of regional differences in costs . 27 Appendix 1. Data sources and coverage. 29 Sources. 29 Coverage 29 Appendix 2. Method of analysis and margins o
9、f uncertainty 35 Method of analysis 35 Margins of uncertainty. 38 Appendix 3. Questionnaires relating to revenues and costs. 40 I. Facsimiles of questionnaires and attachments . 41 II. Respondents to questionnaires. 47 _ Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under licen
10、se with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 This circular has been prepared pursuant to ICAO Assembly Resolution A36-15, Appendix G, which requests the Council to instruct the Secretary General to issue periodically “a s
11、tudy on regional differences in the level of international air transport operating costs, analysing how differences in operations and input prices may affect their levels and the impact that changes in costs may have on air transport tariffs”. This study on Regional Differences in International Airl
12、ine Operating Economics: 2004 and 2005 succeeds one which covered the years 2002 and 2003 and was published in 2006 (Circular 310-AT/132) and three previous studies: one covering the years 2000 and 2001 (published in Circular 306-AT/128), one covering the years 1998 and 1999 (published in Circular 2
13、93-AT/125) and one covering the years 1992 to 1997 (published in Circular 280-AT/117). Prior to that, similar studies were published annually under the title Regional Differences in Fares, Rates and Costs for International Air Transport, which covered the years 1976 to 1992. The studies are now publ
14、ished biennially or every other year, although data have continued to be collected and analysed on an annual basis. The present circular focuses on the years 2004 and 2005 and makes some comparisons with 2003, the last year for which data are available in the previous Circular (Circular 310-AT/132).
15、 1.2 For 17 international route groups, comprising all international routes, passenger, freight and mail revenue yield data are presented in Chapter 2 for scheduled services. With reference to the same route groups, regional differences in the costs related to the scheduled service passenger yields
16、are presented in Chapter 3. The major causes of regional differences in costs are identified in Chapter 4. In Chapters 2 and 3, the 2005 results are compared with those for 2003. 1.3 The sources of data used in the study are given in Appendix 1, together with information on the sample sizes on which
17、 revenue and cost data are based. The method of analysis used in the study is presented in Appendix 2, together with information on the margins of uncertainty, a factor which should be borne in mind when considering the results of studies of this nature. Facsimiles of the questionnaire and informati
18、on on responses appear in Appendix 3. 1.4 Unless indicated otherwise, all references to “cents” in this circular mean “U.S. cents” and all references to “dollars” mean “U.S. dollars”. _ Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reprod
19、uction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2 Chapter 2 LEVELS OF UNIT REVENUES Passenger traffic 2.1 Estimates of average unit passenger revenues for scheduled services in 2004 and 2005 by route group are presented in Table 2-1. 2.2 Column 1 of Table 2-1 shows the average (weighted)
20、 revenue per passenger-kilometre for scheduled passenger traffic on each route group for 2004 and 2005. These data are considered representative of all airlines operating on the particular route group and also include estimates for non-reporting airlines. The data are presented without distinction t
21、o class of travel or fare type. Thus, they represent the overall weighted average for all individual routes on all route groups and for all fare types. The overall average revenue per passenger-kilometre (excluding incidental revenues) was estimated at 8.04 cents for 2004 and 8.38 cents for 2005. Ho
22、wever, the route group averages vary from a high of 14.6 cents in local Europe to a low of 5.5 cents on routes across the North/Mid-Pacific in 2004 and from a high of 14.4 cents to a low of 5.8 cents on the same route groups in 2005. Due to inadequate representation in reporting, three route groups
23、between and within Central America and the Caribbean, local Middle East and local Africa are not included in this analysis, although their estimates are included in the worldwide totals for both years. 2.3 On a worldwide basis, the estimated average revenue per passenger-kilometre for scheduled serv
24、ices at 8.38 cents in 2005 showed an increase of over 8 per cent from the level in 2003. Comparable data by route group between 2003 and 2005 are available for 14 individual route groups. Out of these 14 route groups, 12 showed increases, ranging from a growth of over 15 per cent for routes across t
25、he North/Mid- and South Pacific to some 4 per cent for routes between Canada, Mexico and the United States. A decrease of about 1 per cent was witnessed on routes within Europe, and there was virtually no change in the estimated average passenger yield on routes between North America and Central Ame
26、rica/Caribbean (Figure 2-1). 2.4 The changes in yields experienced between 2003 and 2005 reflect the weakening of the U.S. dollar against most other world currencies, especially the currencies of countries in Europe and Asia/Pacific. The relative change between 2003 and 2005 would, in many cases, be
27、 significantly lower if expressed in the national currencies of the airlines concerned. A brief evaluation of this effect is given in Chapter 3 (paragraphs 3.11 and 3.12). 2.5 The analyses in paragraphs 2.2 to 2.4 relate only to the average unit revenues for all airlines combined on each route group
28、. There can be wide variations around these averages shown among individual airlines. In the case of passenger services, the variation in yields for each route group for 2004 and 2005 is shown in Tables 2-2 and 2-3, respectively. For a few route groups, the unit revenues for individual airlines do n
29、ot vary much from the route group average (for example, for routes between North America and Central America/Caribbean, within North America and across the South Pacific). However, on most route groups, the unit revenues differ significantly among airlines, reflecting differing route structures and
30、traffic mix among other factors. Freight and mail traffic 2.6 Average reported unit freight and mail revenues for the years 2004 and 2005 by international route group are presented in Table 2-4. It has to be borne in mind that the average unit revenues may not be for the same set of airlines for bot
31、h years for each of the route groups. Again, the reason is that the availability of data is limited and dependent upon the reporting of air carriers whose composition may differ from year to year. Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for Resa
32、leNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ICAO Circular 316-AT/135 3 Table 2-1. Estimated average unit passenger revenues for scheduled services by international route group1: 2004 and 2005 Revenue (cents) per passenger-kilometre3Load factors (percentage points) (1) (2)
33、Route group22004 2005 2004 2005 1. Between North America and Central America/Caribbean 7.7 7.7 69 72 2. Between and within Central America and the Caribbean 3. Between Canada, Mexico and the United States 7.6 7.8 69 71 4. Between North America/Central America/Caribbean and South America 7.8 8.0 70 7
34、3 5. Local South America 9.1 9.4 63 65 6. Local Europe 14.6 14.4 70 72 7. Local Middle East 8. Local Africa 9. Between Europe and Middle East 9.4 9.9 69 71 10. Between Europe/Middle East and Africa 8.4 8.9 72 72 11. North Atlantic 6.7 7.3 80 81 12. Mid-Atlantic 5.7 6.0 78 80 13. South Atlantic 6.5 6
35、.9 80 80 14. Local Asia/Pacific 7.7 8.0 69 69 15. Between Europe/Middle East/Africa and Asia/Pacific 6.6 6.8 75 76 16. North and Mid-Pacific 5.5 5.8 81 80 17. South Pacific 6.0 6.4 76 77 1. Data, where presented, are considered representative for all airlines operating in the route group concerned.
36、The representative nature of the data is describedin Appendix 1, and the margins of uncertainty to be taken into account are discussed in Appendix 2. For routes between and within Central America and the Caribbean, in local Middle East and in local Africa the representation was inadequate to justify
37、 separate presentation, but the data have been included in theworld averages. 2. More detailed definition of the route groups may be found in Appendix 3 on the reverse of the revenue questionnaire. 3. These figures do not generally include such incidental operating revenues as may be attributed to i
38、nternational passenger traffic. On individual route groups incidental operating revenues not included may represent up to an additional 8 per cent for both 2004 and 2005 over the average revenue quoted. Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot fo
39、r ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-4 ICAO Circular 316-AT/135 1. North-Central America 7. Middle East 13. South Atlantic 2. Central America 8. Africa 14. Asia/Pacific 3. North America 9. Europe-Middle East 15. Europe-Asia/Pacific 4. North-South America 10. E
40、urope-Africa 16. North/Mid-Pacific 5. South America 11. North Atlantic 17. South Pacific 6. Europe 12. Mid-Atlantic Figure 2-1. Comparison of unit passenger revenues: 2003 and 2005 0246810121416123456789101121314151617International route groupCentsperpassenger-kilometreperformed20032005Copyright Int
41、ernational Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ICAO Circular 316-AT/1355Table 2-2. Variation in scheduled passenger revenue yield among airlines: 2004 Revenue (cents) per passenger-kilom
42、etre for individual airlines 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to and 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 over Route group (short title) Average revenue (cents) per passenger-kil
43、ometre (all airlines from Table 2-1) Number of airlines in this analysis Number of airlines 1. North-Central America 7.7 8 4 3 0 1 2. Central America 3. North America 7.6 11 1 3 5 2 4. North-South America 7.8 11 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 5. South America 9.1 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6. Europe 14
44、.6 41 2 1 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 1 0 2 1 11 7. Midle East 8. Africa 9. Europe-Middle East 9.4 24 3 6 3 5 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 10. Europe-Africa 8.4 26 1 3 2 4 2 6 5 0 0 1 1 1 11. North Atlantic 6.7 28 1 0 5 12 8 1 0 1 12. Mid-Atlantic 5.7 19 2 5 0 0 2 13. South Atlantic 6.5 11 1 2 2 5 0 0 0 1 14. Asia/P
45、acific 7.7 19 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 15. Europe-Asia/Pacific 6.6 34 1 7 11 6 5 2 2 16. North/Mid-Pacific 5.5 16 1 6 3 4 2 17. South Pacific 6.0 13 2 0 1 1. In the range of (37 to 38). Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo repro
46、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-6 ICAO Circular 316-AT/135Table 2-3. Variation in scheduled passenger revenue yield among airlines: 2005 Revenue (cents) per passenger-kilometre for individual airlines 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 to to
47、to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to and 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 over Route group (short title) Average revenue (cents) per passenger-kilometre (all airlines from Table 2-1) Number of airlines in this analysis Number of airlines 1. Nort
48、h-Central America 7.7 10 3 1 4 1 1 2. Central America 3. North America 7.8 11 1 2 6 2 4. North-South America 8.0 19 1 2 3 2 1 5. South America 9.4 4 1 1 1 0 1 6. Europe 14.4 34 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 2 6 1 0 1 1 2 117. Midle East 8. Africa 9. Europe-Middle East 9.9 22 1 4 5 2 3 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 10. Europe-Africa 8.9 25 2 3 2 5 4
