1、Rec. ITU-R M.1074 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1074* INTEGRATION OF PUBLIC MOBILE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Question ITU-R 5U8) 1 (1994) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering that different mobile radiocommunication systems have been and will be introduced; that those systems support a variet
2、y of services with different characteristics; a) b) c) that service integration is of importance not only for fixed telecommunication networks but also mobile radiocommunication networks; d) that recent developments in technology, especially software technology, have enabled mobile radiocommunicatio
3、n systems to be integrated to provide high levels of services; e) f) g) h) integration should be taken into account, that the utilization of the radio spectrum should be as economical as possible; that advantages can be obtained from integration of mobile radiocommunication and fixed networks; that
4、various levels of integration are possible; that disadvantages can be foreseen in inappropriate degrees of integration, thus that constraints on the recommends that the following technical and operational guidelines be followed in the process of mobile radiocommunication systems integration: 1. Scop
5、e Integration of telecommunication systems yields various benefits such as economic savings and operational simplicity. Because of these advantages, a number of considerations have been undertaken, some of which have already been incorporated in commercial systems even in the area of public mobile c
6、ommunication (see Annex 1). This Recommendation gives integration considerations, guidelines and constraints. Section 2 outlines the generic integration model and identifies the applicable systems blocks. Also, it touches upon the integration time constraints and enumerates a number of integration a
7、dvantages. Section 3 is devoted to technical and operational characteristics to be specified for system integration, while Section 4 illustrates some possible examples of integrated systems, ranging from a simple dual-mode user terminal to heterogeneous integration with a fixed telephone network. 2.
8、 General aspects 2. I Integration considerations Integration of telecommunications systems is defined as operability in which different telecommunications systems share the whole or a part of telecommunication equipment hardware or physical transmission media. Physical transmission media include bot
9、h wired and wireless components, and hence radio frequencies themselves are their entities. A natural derivation of this is that the concurrent use of a certain range of radio-frequency bands by multiple radio telecommunication systems serving in the same geographical areas is included in the scope
10、of system integration. * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau. STD-ITU-R RECMN M.3074-ENGL 3774 m 4855232 052778b O87 W 2 Rec. ITU-R M.1074 Multiple telecommunication systems are not referred to as being ?integrated? if they are merel
11、y interconnected. For example, a simple interconnection of analogue and digital mobile communication systems is not recognized as an integrated system. This form of interaction is only referred to as ?interconnection? and is outside the scope of this Recommendation. Neither is the situation where te
12、rrestrial and satellite systems are independently conceived and mutually complement the service area included in the concept of integration. This situation should be simply termed a ?complement? of the service area. It is also outside the scope of this Recommendation. Multiple telecommunication syst
13、ems which use but do not physically share the same telecommunication components are also not considered as ?integrated?. An example of this is when an identical software package providing a signalling protocol is employed in multiple systems which cover different geographical areas. Such a situation
14、 should be designated as ?common? and is not a subject for this Recommendation. 2.2 Integration level 2.2.1 Generic integration model A variety of integration forms are conceived in telecommunication systems, because they consist of a very large number of telecommunication elements in the form of so
15、ftware and hardware. Integrated systems can vary in complexity from simple ones to more complex ones such as: - multiple public mobile communications systems sharing some base station hardware and software modules; - - the above public mobile communications systems with an identical data link protoc
16、ol over radio channels; the above public mobile communications systems with an identical data link protocol and encryption algorithm over radio channels; a dual or multiple-mode mobile station with a single handset; an operation and maintenance centre which manages multiple public mobile communicati
17、on systems. - - A quick survey encompassing these examples leads to the need to introduce an organized approach to analyse the form of integration. It is generally conceived that system integration is Characterized by three essential perspectives: - - integrated telecommunication equipment hardware
18、and physical transmission media; telecommunication functionalities which are used on a shared basis in the integrated telecommunication equipment hardware or physical transmission media identified above; - the period of time in which integrated telecommunication equipment hardware or physical transm
19、ission media are commonly used on a shared basis. It must also be emphasized that the generic integration model to be developed here should encompass all telecommunication functionalities with appropriate levels of grouping, which one can easily handle in the process of integration. One such approac
20、h to meet these demands is to utilize the OS1 seven layer model. Although this model was not developed for the purpose of categorizing telecommunication functionalities, all functionalities residing in the telecommunication environment are included and foreseen with several levels of grouping. Figur
21、e 1 outlines the general integration model derived from the OSI-based paradigm. With this model, different levels of integration can be envisaged with descending ambiguity: a) Hardware level integration If one or more telecommunication hardware components or physical transmission media are merely in
22、tegrated, the situation is recognized as hardware level integration. An example of this is when a single transmission line is shared by multiple systems, but their signalling protocols and the corresponding software modules are different and not shared. Another example is when two different systems
23、offering different radio signalling protocols and utilizing different frequency bands commonly use the same transmission amplifier on a shared basis. STD-ITU-R RECMN M.LCl74-ENGL 2994 4855212 0529987 TL5 Rec. ITU-R M.1074 b) n-th level integration 3 If one, or a set of, telecommunication hardware co
24、mponentdphysical transmission media and their associated functionalities in (a) levei(s) are integrated, the situation is termed n-th level integration. n can be any number(s) from 1 to 7. The situation where a network node, and software modules running within the node for the data link protocol and
25、 the dialogue functionalities are integrated and shared is called the second and fifth level integration. A similar concept can be extended to integration of the application process among multiple telecommunication systems. The concept developed above further clarifies the conventional categorizatio
26、n for system integration. For example, a mobile telecommunication system which supports call completion and number identification supplementary services has been recognized as a service integrated system. This system can also be analysed as, in usual cases, an integrated system which shares all tele
27、communication equipment hardwardphysical transmission media with the first, second and third level integration. It is also recognized that a land and maritime integrated system with dual-mode mobile stations, each having a unique calling number, is of the third level integration, since the automatic
28、 routing function invoked by the reception of the unique calling numbers resides in the network level in Fig. 1. 2.2.2 Telecommunication equipment hardware identification One way to analyse the system integration is to identify network nodes or physical transmission media by using their names such a
29、s the base station or the wired transmission line. This approach might be applicable to some extent, because typical public mobile telecommunications systems only consist of switching centres, databases (location registers), base stations, mobile stations, wired and wireless transmission lines, and
30、operation and maintenance centres. However, because of the possible variations in network architecture, it may be necessary to use more general approaches to telecommunication equipment hardware identification. One possible categorization is: - Total integration - In this level of integration, all t
31、elecommunication equipment hardware and physical transmission media is integrated and used on a shared basis. All or some of the software modules may be commonly shared. - Partial integration - In this level, only a part of the telecommunication equipment hardware and/or physical transmission media
32、is commonly used. Some software modules may also be integrated. 2.2.3 Period of time for integrated operation System integration is also divided into two classes with respect to the period of time for integration: - Static integration - This integration level is defined as the form where multiple sy
33、stems are always integrated throughout their operation. - Dynamic integration - This integration level is defined as the form where multiple systems are integrated through a limited period of time in operation. An example of this is when a certain frequency band is used commonly by two different cel
34、lular systems on a shared basis in daytime, but exclusively used by one of these systems at night. 2.3 Integration advantages Telecommunication system integration allows the end user and the network operator to enjoy a number of advantages such as: - System cost reduction -Because of the common use
35、of telecommunication hardware and software, system integration enables cost-effective implementations. - Higher telecommunication trafic throughput - A typical example is the automatic retrial performed by a dual or multiple mode mobile station, in which it tries to reconnect the user with a secondl
36、y chosen system when an initially intended system is not available. This service enables a greater volume of traffic to be carried. Integrated transit trunks also help to increase the traffic capacity. 4 Rec. ITU-R M.1074 - Service grade improvement - It is apparent that a completely service-integra
37、ted system offers higher utility to the end user than a single or a less service integrated system. - Simplified network operability - The fewer physical telecommunication components there are within a network, the simpler the network management is. Thus, system integration also leads to operational
38、 cost reduction and quicker response time in case of network faults and user complaints. Besides these common advantages, greater benefits can be expected in partial system integration, because individually optimized features can technically and operationally be preserved. 3. Requirements and constr
39、aints for system integration In the process of system integration, technical and operational Characteristics of targeted telecommunications systems should be identified to assess the degree of improvement provided by system integration. The technical and operational characteristics to be specified a
40、re: - network architecture, functional assignments and telecommunication equipment structures of targeted telecommunication systems; - possible telecommunication equipment components to be integrated; additional hardware and software modules required for integration - System integration generally re
41、quires the addition of some hardware and software modules. For example, when different types of transceivers for different systems are installed in the same bay, some means of distinguishing the different types is required. An integrated system may also require an additional means to prevent faults
42、in a member system from causing a great loss in other member networks. Measures should also be taken to ensure that congestion in a member system does not cause blocking or excessive delay of other traffic to be carried by other member systems. If the overhead required for these means is substantial
43、, the inherent advantages may be severely diminished; - economic aspects of system integration; - procedures to notify end users of the differences in service provision, including quality and charges, in situations where the user may be aware of the system integration - Care may be required to ensur
44、e that customers do not blame the network operator for service provision difference. Network operators should seek to minimize user dissatisfaction caused by system integration; - responsibility assignment among network operators, in the situation where multiple network operators share an integrated
45、 system to provide services - Examples of responsibility assignment include division of network facility related costs, and establishment of inter-operator recovery and equipment renewal procedures. A practicable integration level can be determined through assessment of these technical and operation
46、al characteristics as well as by regulatory constraints in each country/region. Partial and static integration becomes more viable if these requirements, as well as current technologies for hardware and software manufacturing, are taken into account. It should be noted that the large differences of
47、the radio aspects between some systems may also put additional constraints on system integration. These include differences in output power, radio frequency bands to be used, modulation schemes, interference-related parameters, and other radio access features. 4. Examples of integrated systems This
48、section serves to demonstrate architectures of some integrated systems. These specific examples are not exhaustive and not necessarily the only configurations possible. STD.ITU-R RECMN M.Lfl74-ENGL 1794 4855212 i3527989 898 lg Rec. ITU-R M.1074 5 a .- e m e !.? +-A S m a c .e e i 2 - .4 6 STD-ITU-R
49、RECMN Pi.L7Y-ENGL 1794 M 4855212 0529990 SOT I Rec. ITU-R M.1074 4.1 Cellular and paging systems Figure 2 shows an example of cellular/paging integrated systems, which accommodate both cellular and paging terminals. Six physical resources are integrated in this example: - cellular exchange (MSC) and paging message handling unit; - transceiver bays; - base station controllers (BSC); - antennas; - operation and maintenance centres; - bearer transmission networks; - data communication networks. Central processors, their operating systems, bays and power supplies are major areas for integr
