1、2011 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 _ is a central vowel.（A）e（B） i（C） u（D）a2 Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?（A）single vs. married（B） hot vs. cold（C） alive vs. dead（D）husband vs. wife3 Which of the following is a minimal pair?（A）pet, kid（B） put, pest（C） cave, shave（D）mu
2、st, taste4 Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?（A）compound（B） inflection（C） derivation（D）coinage5 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adams apple“.（B） The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narr
3、ow transcription.（C） There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.6 A _has been added to Chomskys first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).（A）set of rewriting rules（B） component of categories（C） semantic componen
4、t（D）word classification7 According to the manner of articulation,mis a_.（A）bilabial（B） plosive（C） nasal（D）lateral8 “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. “ This shows that language has the design feature of_.（A）arbitrariness（B） creativity（C） duality（D）displacement9 _ refe
5、rs to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（A）Langue（B） Competence（C） Communicative competence（D）Linguistic potential10 Which of the following is an “inflectional suffix“?（A）-ist（B） -ary（C） -ing（D）-ify11 In todays grammar we normally say that English does no
6、t have a “ future tense“. This is because in English _.（A）the future is not expressed by morphological change（B） the future can be expressed in many ways（C） the future belongs to the category of “aspect“（D）the future is expressed by modal verbs12 _is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two
7、languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.（A）Bilingualism（B） Diglossia（C） Pidgin（D）Creole13 _ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age varia
8、tions.（A）Register（B） Linguistic repertoire（C） Idiolect（D）Dialect14 Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?（A）positional relations（B） relations of co-occurrence（C） relations of expansion（D）relations of substitutability15 All of the following are characteris
9、tics of implicature EXCEPT_.（A）conventionality（B） non-detachability（C） cancellability（D）calculability16 “He has already trunked two packs“ is an example of_error.（A）anticipation（B） exchange（C） morpheme-exchange（D）perception17 The criterion used in IC analysis is_.（A）construction（B） constituent（C） st
10、ructure（D）substitutability18 According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, _ makes up the central part.（A）conceptual meaning（B） connotative meaning（C） social meaning（D）thematic meaning19 “The Club“ is a device for blocking an automobiles steering wheel, thus protecting t
11、he car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: “ Use it“ or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?（A）the maxim of manner（B） the maxim of relevance（C） the maxim of quality（D）the maxim of quantity20 What semantic r
12、elation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.（A）contradiction（B） entailment（C） synonym（D）Presupposition二、名词解释21 semantic field theory(3 points)22 favourite sentence type(4 points)23 free variation(3 points)24 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)25 endocentric construction(3 p
13、oints)26 back formation(3 points)三、写作题27 Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.28 Comment on the “innateness hypothesis“.29 Explain the purpose and
14、 significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists.30 How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?31 How do you comment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of la
15、nguage: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures and characteristics of so-called “primitive“ languages?2011 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查中元音。英语元音可以根据舌位分为前元音、中元音、后元音，中元音有 三个。2 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查关系对立项。它是逆向反义词的另一个名称，逆向反义关系通常见于两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间关系、空间关系等。3 【正确答案】 C【试
16、题解析】 考查最小对立体。当两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都相同，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查构词法中的屈折变化。屈折变化是通过附加屈折词缀进行构词，体现的是语法关系，如数、人称、有定性、体和格，屈折词缀不会改变所附加词语的语法类。5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查宽式标音和严式标音。只用字母符号标记语音时，称为宽式标音，除了字母符号之外还用变音符号对语音进行标记时，则称为严式标音。IPA 除了用字母符号之外，还用了变音符号。6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查乔姆斯基的标准理论。在标准理论阶段(1965 一 1970)，乔
17、姆斯基在他的语法模型中加入了语义成分。7 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查发音方式。根据发音方式，辅音可以分为爆破音、鼻音、擦音、近音、边音、颤音、触音和闪音以及塞擦音。在英语中，有m，n ，三个鼻音。8 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查语言的移位性特征。移位性指人类语言可以让使用者表达说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语言的定义。语言是一个言语集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统。10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查屈折词缀。屈折词缀体现的是语法关系，产生的是一个词的不同形式，如数、人称、体和格等，不会改变所附加词语的词类。11 【正确答案】
18、A【试题解析】 考查英语的时态。现在一般认为英语中有两种时态：现在时和过去时。因为将来时并不采用跟它们相同的表达方式。将来时不用形态学手段表达，即不用动词的不同形式表达，而是用其他手段表达。12 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查双语现象。在某些语言社区中，两种语言同时存在，各自扮演不同的角色，当场合变换时，两种语言之间发生转换，这被称为双语现象。13 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查个人方言。个人方言指的是个人在特定语言的整个体系内说或写所显示出来的语言体系，它综合了宗教、社会、性别以及年龄等因素。14 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查句法关系。句法关系是指在句子组合中词和词之间的关系，
19、有三种位置关系，替代关系和共现关系。15 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查会话含义的特点。会话含义的特点有可推导性、可取消性和不可分离性。16 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查词素交换错误。词素交换错误指的是一个口语句子语法结构正确，但是句中两个词的词根或者基本形式交换了位置，如本题中的“trunk”和“pack”。17 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查直接成分分析法。其分析标准是可替换性，即看某组词语能否被一个单独的词所取代，取代之后结构是否保持不变。18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查利奇提出的七种意义。分别是概念意义，内涵意义，社会意义，情感意义，反射意义，搭配意义，主题意义。
20、利奇认为概念意义是七种意义的中心部分。19 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查合作原则的四个准则，分别是数量准则，质量准则，关系准则，方式准则。关系准则要求说话内容与谈话有关联。20 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查句子之间的语义关系。语义关系有蕴含，预设，矛盾，不一致，语义异常。蕴含是指命题之间的意义关系，一个命题意义包含在另一个命题意义当中。二、名词解释21 【正确答案】 The origin of the field theory of semantics is the lexical field theory introduced by Jost Trier in the 1930s
21、. Semantic field is a term referring to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided into semantically related sets or fields. Words in each semantic field define one another, so a meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to other words
22、 in the same conceptual area. Semantic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.【试题解析】 (考查语义场理论的定义)22 【正确答案】 It is also called full sentence type in English. It means the most common and most typical sentence types in a language. For example,
23、in English, the sentence type that has a subject, a predicate, an object and all these constituents being organized in a certain order is a favorite sentence type, such as “John opened the door just now“.【试题解析】 (考查常用句型的定义)23 【正确答案】 If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, tha
24、t is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.【试题解析】 (考查自由变异的定义)24 【正确答案】 This hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our view of the world. The hypothesi
25、s has two versions,(i)linguistic determinismlanguage may determine our thinking patterns and(ii)linguistic relativitysimilarity between languages is relative, and the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. Thus, two versions of the
26、 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed, a strong version and a weak version.【试题解析】 (考查萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说的定义)25 【正确答案】 It refers to the construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent to one of its constituents which serves as a head or a center of the whole. So, it is also called headed const
27、ruction. The endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types; subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.【试题解析】 (考查向心结构的定义)26 【正确答案】 It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined
28、affix from a longer form already in the language.【试题解析】 (考查逆构词法的定义)三、写作题27 【正确答案】 Saussure is the father of modern linguistics. Saussure is the first to notice the complexities of language. He considers human language as an extremely complex and heterogeneous phenomenon.(1 point)Saussure believes th
29、at language is a system of signs that uses sound to express or exchange ideas. The sign is the union of a form and an idea, i. e. , the signifier and the signified. The sign is the central fact of language, and therefore the study of language must be started from the nature of the sign itself.(3 poi
30、nts)Saussure directs our attention to the essentials of language and makes clear the object of study for linguistics as a science.(2 points)His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of signifier and signified, langue and parole, synch
31、ronic and diachronic research, etc. push linguistics into a brand new stage.(3 points)In short, all linguistics in the 20th century are Saussurean linguistics.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查索绪尔对现代语言学的主要贡献。索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父，他最先注意到了人类语言的复杂性。他认为语言是交流思想的符号系统，而符号是形式和意义的结合。除此之外，他区分了几组重要概念：所指和能指、语言和言语、共时研究和历时研究，把研究引向语言的本质，
32、廓清了语言学作为一门科学所要研究的对象。可以说，二十世纪的语言学就是索绪尔的语言学。28 【正确答案】 Chomsky believes that language is innate, and children are born with a Language Acquisition Device(LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning, and this kind of knowledge is universal. This approach is a reaction
33、against behaviorism in psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making linguistics a branch of psychology. According to Chomsky, LAD consists of three elements: a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.(4 points)Chomskys innateness hypothesis is based on his observations
34、: First, children learn their native language fast and easily; second, children learn their mother tongue in different environments, but the language theyve acquired is of little difference; third, children learn the grammar during a limited period of time from a limited exposure to speech. They can
35、 produce sentences theyve heard, and also sentences theyve never heard before.(4 points)All these suggest that although children are not born knowing a language, they are born with a predisposition to develop a language. Children can pick up the language of the community they happen to be born into.
36、 This suggests that children are born with an innate faculty for language in general, not just for any particular language. Thus, we would suppose that human languages in the world must have the same underlying principles in common, that is, language universals.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查天赋假设。乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天赋，
37、儿童天生具有一种学习语言的能力，叫做“语言习得机制(LAD)”，这是一种很适合他们学习语言的独特的知识，而且这种知识是普遍的。这种处理语言的方法，是对心理学的行为主义和哲学上的经验主义的一种挑战，并且使得语言学成为心理学的一个分支。乔姆斯基的天赋假设建立在对一些重要现象的观察基础之上。29 【正确答案】 Historical linguistics is a branch of linguistics concerned with examining changes in phonology, grammar, and semantics during a languages evolutio
38、n, reconstructing earlier stages, and uncovering evidence of the influence of other languages.(2 points) The purpose and significance of reconstruction is to recover the sound system, grammar, or lexicon of the protolanguage;(1)The identification of the changes enables us to reconstruct the linguist
39、ic history of that language, hypothesizes its earlier forms;(2)It enables us to determine how non-linguistic factors, such as social, cultural and psychological factors, interact over time to trigger linguistic change.(4 points)Historical linguists are concerned chiefly with establishing language fa
40、milies and reconstructing prehistoric proto-languages, using the comparative method and internal reconstruction.The comparative method compares languages with each other to establish their descent from a common ancestor. The comparisons are made in phonemes, morphemes, words, or syntactic constructi
41、ons.Internal reconstruction is a method of recovering information about a languages past from the characteristics of the language at a later date.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查历史语言学。历史语言学是语言学的一个分支，它研究语言之间的亲属关系，关注对语言谱系的梳理和史前语言的测拟。一言以蔽之，其研究目的是观察语言变化；其研究方法主要是历史比较法和内在重构法。从其重要性方面来讲，因为历史语言学的研究目的是揭示语言变化的史前发展和同一语言早期和后
42、期变体之间的联系，因此，它为不同语言之间的亲缘关系提供线索，此外，还可以使我们对非语言的因素，如社会文化和心理因素等在语言变化过程中所起的作用有更深的认识。30 【正确答案】 Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate. This capacity involves the picking up of diverse capacities including syn
43、tax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. Language acquisition usually refers to the first language acquisition that deals with acquisition(in both children and adults)of additional languages. While language learning focuses on developing the ability to communicate in a second language, with spec
44、ial emphasis on language for which there is few or no written or recorded resources.(5 points)In language acquisition, the learner has chances to use the language by taking part in natural communication situations, while in language learning, the learner has no opportunity to use the language in nat
45、ural communication situations.(2 points)Acquisition and learning refer to the learning process inside the learner and the degree of consciousness with which he hears. Language acquisition is subconscious while language learning is conscious.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查语言习得和语言学习的区别。语言习得一般指的是第一语言习得，而语言学习一般指的是第
46、二语言学习。语言习得中学习者参与到某个天然的语言交流情境中，而语言学习则缺乏这样的天然语言环境。习得是在潜意识之下进行的，而学习则是有意识的过程。31 【正确答案】 According to linguists, the characteristics of the so-called primitive languages can be listed below; they are vocal from the beginning; they are linked with abstract thinking from the beginning; they are made up of s
47、ound, vocabulary, grammar, and semantics from the beginning; they are the most important communicating tools for human beings from the beginning.(3 points)According to the researches, the acquisition of speech by children in every language has several universal stages. 3 months old, a child can pron
48、ounce some voices. 1 year old, a child can say some words, and the meanings of these words are equal to phrases or sentences. 2 years old, a child can say some phrases that are made up of two or three words; in addition to that, there are grammatical rules appearing in a childs speech. Along with th
49、is process, a child also gains phonological, vocabulary, and pragmatic development. All these developments are associated with the building of abstract concepts.(3 points)The so-called primitive languages and the acquisition of speech by children are both linked with the development of concept and abstract thinking process. As we all know, the abstract concepts are controlled by the left brain, and the language center of human beings is located in the left brain.(2 points)Given to the above facts, we can say
