1、2012 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 _has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（A）Chomsky（B） Saussure（C） Bloomfield（D）Halliday2 A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic_.（A）comprehension（B） performance（C） perception（D）competence
2、3 “I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. “ This shows that language has the design feature of_.（A）displacement（B） creativity（C） duality（D）arbitrariness4 The distinction between competence and perf
3、ormance was put forward by _.（A）Bloomfield（B） Saussure（C） Chomsky（D）Halliday5 Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（A）Processing utterances.（B） Producing utterances.（C） Language acquisition.（D）Componential analysis.6 The study of sounds is divided into three main areas,
4、 each dealing with one part of the process. _ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（A）Articulatory phonetics（B） Auditory phonetics（C） Phonological process（D）Acoustic phonetics7 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adams apple“.（B） The Internatio
5、nal Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.（C） There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8 _ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual
6、vowels of existing languages.（A）Diphthongs（B） Pure Vowels（C） Cardinal Vowels（D）Vowel Glides9 The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as_.（A）consonants（B） places of articul
7、ation（C） vowels（D）manners of articulation10 Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonantz?（A）Voiceless alveolar affricate.（B） Voiceless bilabial nasal.（C） Voiced alveolar stop.（D）Voiced alveolar fricative.11 Which is the correct description of the English voweli:?（A）Hig
8、h front tense unrounded vowel.（B） High back lax rounded vowel.（C） Mid central lax unrounded vowel.（D）Low back lax rounded vowel.12 The word _ simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast“ : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the
9、contrasts.（A）allophone（B） phoneme（C） sound（D）syllable13 _ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（A）Allomorph（B） Word（C） Morpheme（D）Ro
10、ot14 _is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（A）Affix（B） Suffix（C） Stem（D）Prefix15 By the relation of_one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a
11、particular part of a sentence.（A）substitutability（B） position（C） co-occurrence（D）coordination16 _refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（A）Subject（B） Predicate（C） Object（D）Complemen
12、t17 _refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（A）Particles（B） Auxiliaries（C） Pro-forms（D）Determiners18 Which of the following is under the category of “Open Class“?（A）Nouns.（B） Conjunctions.（C） D
13、eterminers.（D）Prepositions19 _is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（A）Hyponymy（B） Antony my（C） Polysemy（D）Synonymy20 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the _.（A）An Integrated Theory（B） Sp
14、eech Act Theory（C） The Classical Theory（D）The Referential Theory二、填空题21 _ studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.22 Hymes theory of_was introduced into the field of language teaching, which
15、encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.23 As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, _ concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.
16、24 According to Langacker, _ is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.25 In cognitive linguistics, _ is the process of classifying our experiences into dif
17、ferent categories based on commonalities and differences.26 Many prepositions, such as “in“ , “into“ , exemplify a _ schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.27 ARGUMENT IS WAR is a_metaphor, in which the concept of argument is s
18、tructured systematically in terms of another.28 In the cognitive literature, _ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.29 _ theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of tw
19、o or more “mental spaces“ are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.30 Hymes points out that a _ refers to a group of people who “share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well“.31 The _ hypothesis suggests that our
20、 language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speakers unique ways of understanding of the world.32 An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century.
21、Bronislaw Malinowski and _ was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.33 _ linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.34 As
22、one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, _ concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.35 Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class,
23、 _, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.36 John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to _, which was published po
24、sthumously in 1962.37 According to Austin, though _ cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.38 The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant _ must be appropriate.39 Through the Will
25、iams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of_.40 The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, _ and non-conventional
26、ity.41 Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of_ communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.42 According to Sperber and Wilson, “of all the interpretations of the
27、 stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is _ to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey“.43 In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of_, or speakers economy, and the force of diversification, or hearers economy.44 Horn foun
28、d that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by _ which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.45 A popular term in Stylistics, _, defined by Leech and Short as “artistically motivated deviation“ involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, grap
29、hology, etc.46 Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are_.47 A/An_ foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.48 On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Spee
30、ch is_.49 The term_was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.50 _is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style o
31、f language and its context of use.三、写作题51 Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of it
32、s future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.52 Philosophical presuppositions in terms of “arbitrariness“ versus motivation, “autonomy“ versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of
33、modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.53 The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as “science“. What do you think?54 The
34、contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these pre
35、suppositions.55 Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.56 There is a va
36、riety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior; a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or d
37、etermine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of th
38、e other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the “no relationship“ position.57 Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of lingu
39、istic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.58 Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by “speech act“? He uses the term “locution“ for the actual form of words used by the speaker and
40、 their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says “The gun is loaded“ , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.2012 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真
41、题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查现代语言学之父。Saussure 被认为是现代语言学之父。2 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查语言能力。语言能力指一个语言使用者关于语言规则的基本知识。3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语言的移位性特征。移位性特征指人类语言可以让使用者表达在说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。4 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语言能力与语言运用的提出者。乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言运用的概念并对之进行了区分。5 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查心理语言学的研究方向。作为语言学和心理学的交叉学科，心理语言学主要有以下六个研究方向
42、：语言习得、语言理解、语言产出、语言混乱、语言和思维、语言认知结构，其中最重要的是语言习得、语言理解和语言产出。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语音学的分支及听觉语音学。语音学的三个分支是发音语音学，听觉语音学和声学语音学。其中听觉语音学主要是从听者的角度来研究声音，也就是说，研究声音如何被听者感知。7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查语音和发音器官。喉头(larynx)的上端被称为喉结，国际音标采用的是宽式音标，英语中共有三个鼻音。我们通过声音来交流意义。8 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查基本元音。基本元音指一系列约定俗成的、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为描述语言中实际存在的元音提
43、供一个参照框架。9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查辅音的定义。声道的某些部位受到挤压或阻碍，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻挡，由此产生辅音。10 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查z在辅音中的分类。它是一个浊辅音，按发音方法来看，属于擦音，按发音位置来看，又属于齿龈音。11 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查对元音i：的描写。它是一个高前紧展唇元音。12 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查音位和最小对立体。音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，具有区别意义的作用。当两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都相同，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。13
44、【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语素。语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。14 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查词缀。词缀指那些只能附加在另一个语素(词根或词干)上的一类语素的总称，分为前缀、后缀和中缀三类。15 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查共现关系。共现关系是指不同词类的不同词汇集合，允许另一个词类或集合的词出现，构成一个句子或句子的某一特定部分。16 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查谓词。在谓词逻辑中，命题被分为两部分：主目和谓词。主目是表示实体的项，有关陈述是关于该实体的；谓词是把一些性质或关系赋予所指实体的项。17 【正确答
45、案】 D【试题解析】 考查限定词。限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查开放类词。开放类词指那些数目不确定、无限的词，其数目会随着社会发展不断地、经常地增加。名词、动词、形容词和副词均属于开放类词。19 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查反义关系。反义关系指意义的相反。意义上相反的词叫做反义词。可以分为如下几类：等级反义关系、互补反义关系、反向反义关系和关系对立项。20 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查指称论。将词的意义和它所指或代表的事物联系起来的意义理论就叫做指称论。二、填空题21 【正确答案】
46、Psycholinguistics【试题解析】 (考查心理语言学)心理语言学研究语言和意识的相互联系，如话语的处理和产生，以及语言习得等。22 【正确答案】 community【试题解析】 (考查 Hymes 提出的交际理论)Hymes 的交际理论被引入语言教学中，鼓励老师注重培养学生在实际语境中积极而成功地使用语言。23 【正确答案】 language acquisition【试题解析】 (考查心理语言学的分支：语言习得)语言习得指的是一个人的语言学习与发展的过程。24 【正确答案】 construal【试题解析】 (考查识解)识解是一种用交替的方式对同一场景进行想象和描述的能力，这种能力是
47、通过详细程度、不同的心理扫描、指向性、优势点、图形一背景分离等方式来实现的。25 【正确答案】 categorization【试题解析】 (考查范畴化)分类的心理过程就是范畴化，它指的是将我们的体验根据异同分为不同的种类，分类的结果就是范畴。26 【正确答案】 containment【试题解析】 (考查蕴含图式或容器图式)容器图式是意象图式的重要组成部分，它源自于人们的日常身体体验。人体作为一个独立的实体，就是一个三维立体的容器，有食物的吃进、氧气的吸人、食物残渣和二氧化碳的排泄等生理现象；人们会制造出杯子、盒子、袋子等各种容器来容纳不同的物体，还有进出各种建筑、房间等空间等一系列身体与外界物
48、质世界相互接触的经验。人们每天都会反复经历被容器包容或作为容器包容其他物体的经验，并逐渐在意识形态中形成了一个抽象的图式结构，叫做容器图式。27 【正确答案】 conceptual【试题解析】 (考查概念隐喻)概念隐喻又名隐喻概念。隐喻的本质是在身体经验的基础上，通过某一种事物来理解和解释另一种事物，人类的概念系统就是建立在隐喻的基础上的，又称为概念隐喻；分为实体隐喻、结构隐喻和方位隐喻三种。Argument is War 正是通过 war 的特征让人们理解 argument，war 中有攻有守，argument 也是如此。28 【正确答案】 metonymy【试题解析】 (考查转喻)认知语言
49、学把转喻定义为认知过程，在认知过程中，源域为同一域中的目标域提供了心理通达。29 【正确答案】 Blending【试题解析】 (考查整合理论)Fauconnier 和 Turner(1994，1995)提出并讨论了整合理论，一种认知操作，即两个或更多的心理空间通过投射整合为一个新的合成空间。30 【正确答案】 speech community【试题解析】 (考查话语群体)话语群体指的是一个群体，群体成员不仅共享一套话语规则，而且至少共享一种语言变体形式。31 【正确答案】 Sapir-Whorf【试题解析】 (考查萨丕尔沃尔夫假说)该假说认为，不同的语言有助于形成人们对于世界的不同看法。该假说的强势说认为，语言在塑造人类思维过程中起决定作用。32 【正确答案】 Firth【试题解析】 (考查从人类学角度研究语言)马
