1、考研英语模拟试卷 346 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life (1)_ common to all animals. In a biological laborat
2、ory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same.However, biological understanding is not enough: (2)_ itself, it can never tell us what human beings are. (3)_ to our physical equipmentthe naked human bodywe are not an (4)_ animal. We are tropical creatures, (5)_ hairless and sensitive to cold
3、. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it. In the purely physical (6)_, our species seems a poor (7)_ for survival.But we have survivedsurvived and multiplied and (8)_ the earth. Some da
4、y we will have a (9)_ living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that mm gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical.(10)_ its limitations, our physical equipment has some important (11)_. We have excellent vision and han
5、ds that can (12)_ objects with a precision unmatched by any other (13)_ Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost (14)_ number of neural (15)_.We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth for
6、our tropical bodies need (16)_ clothing, shelter, and (17)_ heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and (18)_ deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will b
7、ring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations.It was not always (19)_ Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no (20)_ and lacked
8、 the physical Capacity to use it.（A）processes（B） acts（C） modes（D）procedures（A）On（B） With（C） For（D）By（A）Stripped（B） Pared（C） Peeled（D）Removed（A）intelligent（B） impressive（C） influential（D）incentive（A）barely（B） hardly（C） nearly（D）scarcely（A）meaning（B） judgment（C） perspective（D）sense（A）bet（B） chance（C）
9、fact（D）lack（A）filled（B） loaded（C） stuffed（D）scattered（A）residence（B） colony（C） home（D）empire（A）Apart from（B） With regard to（C） Except（D）In spite of（A）abilities（B） potentials（C） capabilities（D）possibilities（A）maneuver（B） manage（C） manipulate（D）manufacture（A）animal（B） animals（C） creatures（D）creature（A
10、）infinite（B） unknown（C） boundless（D）ceaseless（A）connections（B） relations（C） activities（D）accesses（A）for（B） to（C） with（D）by（A）artificial（B） fake（C） unreal（D）unauthentic（A）add up（B） break up（C） make up（D）cut up（A）this（B） thus（C） hence（D）that（A）intellect（B） equipment（C） competence（D）culturePart ADirect
11、ions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 Yasuhisa Shizoki, a 51-year old MP from Japans ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), starts tapping his finger on the dismal economic chart on his coffee table. “Unless we change the de
12、cision-making process,“ he says bluntly, “we are not going to be able to solve this kind of problem.“ With the economy in such a mess, it may seem a bit of a diversion to be trying to sort out Japans political structures as well as its economic problems.Since co-writing a report on political reform,
13、 which was released by an LDP panel last week, Mr. Shiozaki has further upset the partys old guard. Its legionaries, flanked by columns of the bureaucracy, continue to hamper most attempts to overhaul the economy. Junichiro Koizumi was supposed to change all that, by going over their heads and appea
14、ling directly to the public. Yet nearly a year after becoming prime minister, Mr. Koizumi has precious little to show for his efforts. His popularity is now flagging and his determination is increasingly in doubt.As hopes of immediate economic reform fade, optimists are focusing on another potential
15、 benefit of Mr. Koizumis tenure. They hope that his highly personalized style of leadership will pave the way for a permanent change in Japanese politics: towards more united and authoritative cabinets that are held directly accountable for their policies. As that hap pens, the thinking goes, real e
16、conomic reforms will be able to follow. Unfortunately, damage limitation in the face of scandal too often substitutes for real reform. More often, the scandals serve merely as distractions. What is really needed is an overhaul of the rules themselves.A leading candidate for change is the 40-year-old
17、 systeminformal but religiously followedthrough which the LDP machinery vets every bill before it ever gets to parliament. Most legislation starts in the LDPs party committees, which mirror the parliamentary committee structure. Proposals then go through two higher LDP bodies, which hammer out polit
18、ical deals to smooth their passage. Only then does the prime ministers cabinet get fully involved in approving the policy. Most issues have been decided by the LDP mandarins long before they reach this point, let alone the floor of parliament, leaving even the prime minister limited influence, and a
19、llowing precious little room for public debate and even less for accountability.As a result, progress will probably remain slow. Since they know that political reform leads to economic reform, and hence poses a threat to their interests, most of the LDP will resist any real changes. But at least a h
20、andful of insiders have now bought into one of Mr. Koizumis best slogans: “Change the LDP, change Japan.“21 The diversion Yasuhisa Shizoki enjoys is mentioned in the text to（A）to introduce the topic of economic reforms.（B） to honor his unique service to the LDP.（C） to highlight his ability to solve
21、problems.（D）to show how he sort out his slogans.22 The expression “the LDP mandarins“(Paragraph 4) most probably means（A）cabinets who are held liable for their policies.（B） those who work in LDPs party committees.（C） candidates for two higher LDP bodies.（D）those who are strong in favor of reforms.23
22、 The basic problem of Japanese economy as pointed out by the writer lies in（A）its prime ministers negligence.（B） the inefficiency of its parliament.（C） its defective political structures.（D）the resistance to any changes.24 In the eyes of the author, an economic reform in Japan（A）should precede a pol
23、itical reform.（B） cannot do without Koizumis popularity.（C） should follow an overhaul of the rules.（D）is a now boom on the horizon.25 It seems that the write is very critical of（A）LPD bodies accountability.（B） the prime minister.（C） advocates of economic reforms.（D）the LDP machinery.26 Mary Eberstad
24、t writes in Home-Alone America that growing obesity, the high incidence of sexually transmitted disease among teenagers and an overdependence on drugs such as Ritalin for attention deficit disorder are often the fault of parents who “outsource“ their responsibilities.“We tend to think that the probl
25、ems with juveniles are located at the bottom end of the social spectrum, but latchkey children are more common among the affluent,“ said Eberstadt, a mother of four who is a conservative writer and research fellow at Stanford Universitys Hoover Institution.According to the most recent figures from t
26、he US Census Bureau, 41% of children aged 12 to 14 regularly look after themselves at the end of the school day. The figures rise with prosperity. For children aged 5 to 14, “self-care increases from 11% of children in poverty to 22% of those with family incomes at least double the poverty line.“Ebe
27、rstadts book is dividing sociologists, critics and partisans in the “mommy wars“ between stay-at-home and working parents. A child clings to the ankles of his smartly dressed mother to stop her leaving for work on the front of the book; he does the same to his father on the back.P. J. ORourke, the c
28、onservative commentator and satirist, supports Eberstadts thesis. “If you dont think (her) arguments have merit, try treating your dog the way America treats its kids,“ he said.“Give the puppy her own set of house keys and put her in front of the television instead of taking her for a walk. Let her
29、eat anything she wants and house train herself. Send her to another master for visitation at the weekends. And when she comes into heat, turn her loose in the pound.“James Q. Wilson, author of The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families is one of the intellectual forces behind zero t
30、olerance policing. He praised the books “great, unarguable theme that parental care is of decisive importance in shaping the character of our children“.Feminist critics, in contrast, accuse Eberstadt of Taliban-style thinking. The Washington Post attacked her “seductive“ but “nasty“ opinions and lac
31、k of “interest in how real people live or think about their lives“.Eberstadt insists that she is not ordering women back to the home. “The bottom line is a lot more nuanced,“ she said. “It doesnt have to be you there after school, but there are not enough protective, supporting, loving adults around
32、.“Neighbourhoods, she added, “are so emptied of adult presence that even the richest kids just go home, throw the deadbolt and get no exercise more strenuous than walking from the video game to the refrigerator.“ The result of being home alone is not just snacking and obesity but casual sex, leading
33、 to an explosion in venereal diseases that can lead to infertility and cervical cancer, Eberstadt said.26 The word “outsource“(Paragraph 1) may be best replaced by（A）abandon.（B） renounce.（C） transfer.（D）submit.27 James Q. Wilson supports Mary Eberstadts new book because（A）he thinks the most importan
34、t factor in shaping the character of our children is parental care.（B） he agrees that it is our culture that weakens families.（C） the way America treats its kids is somewhat similar to the way one treats his dog.（D）he is the author of The Marriage Problem: How our culture has weakened Families.28 Ma
35、ry Eberstadt would mostly agree（A）the problems with juveniles are located at the bottem end of the social spectrum.（B） women shall not go out to work but stay at home.（C） children in rich families are lack of exercises.（D）leaving children alone will lead to many diseases.29 The phrase “Taliban-style
36、 thinking“ (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably refers to（A）the way that people of Taliban thinks.（B） the guess that Mary Eberstadt may come from Taliban.（C） the conservative way Mary Eberstadt shows in her new book.（D）Mary Eberstadts same way of thinking as Taliban people.30 The text is mainly about
37、（A）the introduction of the wonderful contents of Mary Eberstadts new book.（B） the publishment of a new book and reactions from the society.（C） the high incidence of many social problems resulting from the fault of parents.（D）the phenomenon that latchkey children are more common among the affluent.31
38、 All that we really need to plot out the future of our universe are a few good measurements. This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainty. There are still too many things we do not know about the way the universe is put toge
39、ther. But we do know exactly what information we need to fill in our knowledge, and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it.Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard. All of the switches are set before the train arrives, so
40、 that its path is completely determined. Some switches we can see, others we cannot. There is no ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch: we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will. At the unseen switches, however, there is no such certainty. W
41、e know the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which one. The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.When we think about the future of the universe, we can se
42、e our “track“ many billions of years into the future, but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider. The goal of science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road that will be followed.31 According to the passage, it is diffic
43、ult to be certain about the distant future of the universe because we _.（A）have too many conflicting theories（B） do not have enough funding to continue our research（C） are not sure how the universe is put together（D）have focused our investigations on the moon and planets32 What does the author see a
44、s the function of the universes unseen “switches“?（A）They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will use.（B） They enable us to alter the course of the universe.（C） They give us information about the lunar surface.（D）They determine which course the universe will take in the future.33 For whom
45、is the author probably writing this passage?（A）Train engineers.（B） General audiences.（C） Professors of statistics.（D）Young children.34 Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage?（A）A statement illustrated by an analogy.（B） A hypothesis supported by documentation
46、.（C） A comparison of two contrasting theories.（D）A critical analysis of a common assumption.35 The word “track“ in the last paragraph most probably means _.（A）ways of life（B） marks of cars（C） orbits of planets（D）a course for racing.36 What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consen
47、sus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present
48、hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later, what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a
49、language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract
