1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 40 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)1 Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is b
2、arbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose
3、killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment. The American Medical Associations policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper “Active and Passive E
4、uthanasia“ I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting dieif one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant. The traditional doctrine, he says, does not
5、appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction “leave the traditional position untouched“.Is my argument really irrelevant? I dont see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes mean
6、ingless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting
7、people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.But traditionalists like Professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasiathe direct killing of patientsis not morally permissible; so, if my argument is sound, their view
8、must be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument “leave the traditional position untouched“.However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himsel
9、f thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatme
10、nt involved are extraordinary.1 The authors purpose in writing this passage is _.（A）to air his opinions on Sullivans arguments.（B） to attack the traditional view on euthanasia.（C） to explain how his argument is much relevant.（D）to draw a line between killing and letting die.2 According to the author
11、, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is _.（A）rather confusing.（B） partially reasonable.（C） quite convincing.（D）totally groundless.3 Which of the following best defines the word “omission“ (Paragraph 6)?（A）Involvement.（B） Sympathy.（C） Suspension.（D）Dismissal.4 Which of the
12、 following is TRUE according to the passage?（A）Euthanasia is a term whose meanings are too subtle to be definite.（B） Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die.（C） Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.（D）The author doesnt agree tha
13、t he left the traditional position untouched.5 It seems that the writer is most concerned about _.（A）the interpretations of euthanasia.（B） the sufferings of the dying.（C） the effects of medical treatments.（D）the traditional view on death.5 In almost all cases the soft parts of fossils are gone for e
14、ver but they were fitted around or within the hard parts. Many of them also were attached to the hard parts and usually such attachments are visible as depressed or elevated areas, ridges or grooves, smooth or rough patches on the hard parts. The muscles most important for the activities of the anim
15、al and most evident in the appearance of the living animal are those attached to the hard parts and possible to reconstruct from their attachments. Much can be learned about a vanished brain from the inside of the skull in which it was lodged.Restoration of the external appearance of an extinct anim
16、al has little or no scientific value. It does not even help in inferring what the activities of the living animal were, how fast it could run, what its food was, or such other conclusions as are important for the history of life. However, what most people want to know about extinct animals is what t
17、hey looked like when they were alive. Scientists also would like to know. Things like fossil shells present no great problem as a rule, because the hard parts are external when the animal is alive and the outer appearance is actually preserved in the fossils.Animals in which the skeleton is internal
18、 present great problems of restoration, and honest restorers admit that they often have to use considerable guessing. The general shape and contours of the body are fixed by the skeleton and by muscles attached to the skeleton, but surface features, which may give the animal its really characteristi
19、c look, are seldom restorable with any real probability of accuracy. The present often helps to interpret the past. An extinct animal presumably looked more or less like its living relatives, if it has any. This, however, may be quite equivocal. For example, extinct members of the horse family are u
20、sually restored to look somewhat like the most familiar living horses domestic horses and their closest wild relatives. It is, however, possible and even probable that many extinct horses were striped like zebras. If lions and tigers were extinct they would be restored to look exactly alike. No livi
21、ng elephants have much hair and mammoths, which are extinct elephants, would doubtless be restored as hairless if we did not happen to know that they had thick, woolly coats. We know this only because mammoths are so recently extinct that prehistoric men drew pictures of them and that the hide and h
22、air have actually been found in a few specimens. For older extinct animals we have no such clues.6 According to the passage, the soft part of fossilized animals（A）can always be accurately identified.（B） have usually left some traces.（C） can usually be reconstructed.（D）have always vanished without an
23、y trace. 7 The muscles of a fossilized animal can sometimes be reconstructed because（A）they were preserved with the present relatives of the animal.（B） they were lodged inside the animals skull.（C） they were hardened parts of the animals body.（D）they were attached to the animals skeleton. 8 A fossil
24、ized animals external appearance is still reconstructed to（A）satisfy popular curiosity.（B） answer scientific questions.（C） establish its activities.（D）determine its eating habits. 9 The word “equivocal” (Line 6, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（A）equally important.（B） definable.（C） equally doubtful
25、.（D）deliberate. 10 According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true?（A）A fossilized animals appearance is usually restored accurately.（B） It is difficult to restore some fossilized animals because they had no external parts.（C） The prehistoric elephants are hairless.（D）An extinct ani
26、mal does not definitely looked like its living relatives. 10 More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving. As Skolnick notes, Americans are a marrying people: Relative to Europeans, more of us marry and we marr
27、y at a younger age. Moreover, aster a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context: some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus, marriage remains, by far, the preferred way of l
28、ife for the vast majority of people in our society.What has changed more than marriage is the nuclear family. Twenty-five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which couples have decided not to have any chil
29、dren. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wifes previous marriage, or the husbands, or both. Sometimes these children spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between the two former spouses.Thus, one can fin
30、d the very type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with children from only the present marriage; marriages with “full-time“ children from the present marriage and “part-time“ children from former marriages. There are step-fathers, step-mothers, half-brothers, and
31、half-sisters. It is not all that unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents! These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, there remains one constant: Most Americans spend most of their adult lives married.11 By calli
32、ng Americans marrying people the author means that_.（A）Americans are more traditional than Europeans（B） Americans expect more out of marriage than Europeans（C） there are more married couples in U. S. A than in Europe（D）more of Americans, as compared with Europeans, prefer marriage and they accept it
33、 at a younger age 12 Divorced Americans_.（A）will most likely remarry（B） prefer the way they live（C） have lost faith in marriage（D）are the vast majority of people in the society 13 Which of the following can be presented as the picture of todays American families?（A）A typical American family consists
34、 of only a husband and a wife.（B） Many types of family arrangements have become socially acceptable.（C） Americans prefer to have more kids than before.（D）There are no nuclear families any more. 14 “Part-time“ children_.（A）spend some of their time with their half-brothers and some of their time with
35、their half-sisters（B） spend all of their time with one parent from the previous marriage（C） are shared between the two former spouses（D）cannot stay with “full-time“ children 15 Even though great changes have taken place in the structure of American families, _.（A）the functions of marriage remain unc
36、hanged（B） most Americans prefer a second marriage（C） the vast majority of Americans still have faith in marriage（D）all of the above 16 The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel ha
37、ve been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests; critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that
38、 can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past per
39、formance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and Wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomple
40、te and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so o
41、btained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and avail
42、ability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for exampl
43、e, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they dont compensate for gros
44、s social inequality, and thus dont tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.16 What is the essence of this text?（A）Attacking standardized tests.（B） Dont blame the testblame the user.（C） Standardized tests and their wide applications.
45、（D）The standardized testa useful means of assessment.17 The selection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with（A）the interpretation of test results.（B） the analysis of the students tested.（C） the skill and wisdom of the test itself.（D）the accuracy of the information prov
46、ided.18 The third paragraph is written mainly to state（A）the functions of educational tests.（B） the dimensions of standardized tests.（C） the bases for using standardized tests.（D）the mixed results of standardized tests.19 According to the text, which of the following statements is not true?（A）Predic
47、tions do not always hold true.（B） Some students “shine“ unexpectedly.（C） The supervisor of the test must be well trained.（D）Personality tests often fall short of their purpose.20 According to the text, the authors attitude toward the value of standardized tests seems to be（A）critical.（B） dubious.（C）
48、 objective.（D）ambiguous.20 Come onEverybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good- -drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club , Tina Rosenberg contends
49、 that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people
