1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 69 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The success story of top investors and executives is a staple of business books and magazines.【 C1】_research suggests we should be
2、cautious in【C2 】_ourselves on extraordinary performers or【C3】_their much-praised methods; these saints may offer less wisdom than they【C4】_. Greater value can be found, studies show, in less dazzling but more【C5】_theories, and in the practices of those who are second best in the field.An article pub
3、lished in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science【C6】_on experiments that modeled the results of a game played in many rounds. Over time, the most skilled players came to【C7】_a second tier of reliable competence. Those who succeeded spectacularly who took their places in the first tier
4、were often not the most skilled,【C8】_were those who got some lucky【C9】_early on or took big risks that happened to【C10】_. Imitating these top performers would probably lead to【C11】_, since imitators would be unlikely to【C12】_their good fortune.【C13】_luck and risk play a dominant role in extraordinar
5、y outcomes, extreme success or failure are, at best, only weak【C14】_of skill, and top performers should not be imitated or praised. Its better to learn from individuals with high, but not【C15】_, performance those whose success can be【C16 】_to solid skill and not to a rare lightning strike.By analyzi
6、ng the characteristics of theories currently【C17】_, we may even be able to tell in advance which ones will turn out to be【C18】_useful additions, and which ones are here-today-gone-tomorrow trends.【C19】_with critical thinking skills and a healthy dose of skepticism, we can learn to【C20】_leaders and t
7、heories with the shiny look of success from those that offer the real thing.1 【C1 】（A）Instead（B） Also（C） But（D）So2 【C2 】（A）modeling（B） imposing（C） priding（D）adapting3 【C3 】（A）adopting（B） analyzing（C） resisting（D）suspecting4 【C4 】（A）permit（B） promise（C） predict（D）demand5 【C5 】（A）accepted（B） diverse（C
8、） substantial（D）complex6 【C6 】（A）carried（B） commented（C） reflected（D）reported7 【C7 】（A）dwell（B） inhabit（C） lodge（D）reside8 【C8 】（A）or（B） or rather（C） nor（D）but rather9 【C9 】（A）breaks（B） guesses（C） adventures（D）escapes10 【C10 】（A）hold off（B） show up（C） pay off（D）match up11 【C11 】（A）prosperity（B） cont
9、roversy（C） motivation（D）disappointment12 【C12 】（A）ignore（B） replicate（C） exhaust（D）preserve13 【C13 】（A）Although（B） Whereas（C） Because（D）Unless14 【C14 】（A）signals（B） development（C） levels（D）management15 【C15 】（A）commonplace（B） exceptional（C） fluctuating（D）consistent16 【C16 】（A）subjected（B） attributed
10、（C） submitted（D）contributed17 【C17 】（A）in question（B） in progress（C） in fashion（D）in evidence18 【C18 】（A）comparatively（B） accidentally（C） conditionally（D）permanently19 【C19 】（A）Impressed with（B） Concerned with（C） Satisfied with（D）Armed with20 【C20 】（A）distinguish（B） distract（C） disconnect（D）displace
11、Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The debate about how ideas, opinions, and behaviors radiate within groups of people goes back decades. According to the so-called influentials hypothesis, made popular by boo
12、ks such as The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell, a small number of highly influential people drive most of the spread. But critics counter that influential individuals play only a minor role, and what matters is whether people are susceptible to the new idea.The debate has remained unsettled becaus
13、e studying peer influence is notoriously difficult. Studies of the real world are messy and rarely allow for controlled experiments, whereas social experiments in laboratories are expensive and involve contrived situations. So, researchers are turning to online social networks such as Facebook.To te
14、st peer influence, Sinan Aral and Dylan Walker, economists at New York University, used a Facebook app that allows users to rate and recommend movies. As users interact with the appfor example, you give the 2011 movie The Tree of Life four out of five stars it sends messages to a random selection of
15、 your Facebook friends notifying them of the rating and providing a link to the app. The more friends that adopt the app after receiving a notification from you, the greater your influence. The shorter the time period between receiving a notification and adopting the app yourself, the higher your su
16、sceptibility. Aral and Walker built a model of the apps “contagion“ through this massive social network If the influentials hypothesis is true, most of the spread should be catalyzed by a small number of key people.Reality seems to fall somewhere between influence and susceptibility. Both are import
17、ant, but contagion depended on the personal traits of the people. For example, people older than 30 were more influential than those who are younger than 30, and people of the same age had the most influence on each other. Women tended to influence men more than they influenced each other. But most
18、surprisingly, influence and susceptibility almost never occurred in the same person. At least in the Facebook network, there are only trendsetters and followers. Brian Uzzi, a social scientist at Northwestern University says , the division between influence and susceptibility could have a large infl
19、uence on online marketing, allowing companies to predict not only whether you will be interested in a particular product, but also whether youre the kind of person who can drive it to go viral. However, says Uzzi, “to know if virtual world social influence substitutes, complements, or is independent
20、 of the real world, we need another experiment that looks at the diffusion of the same product on Facebook and in the real world. “21 According to the critics, the essential factor in the spreading of information is_.（A）the existence of influential individuals（B） the acceptability of the target idea
21、s（C） peoples impulse to influence others（D）peoples readiness to be influenced22 The researchers account one as an “influential“ if_.（A）he has a huge number of facebook friends（B） a large percentage of his friends rate the movie（C） most of his friends ratings are similar to his（D）his friends adopt th
22、e app soon after receiving the notification23 The conclusion of the peer influence studies is that_.（A）influential individuals catalyze the diffusion of opinions（B） the prevalence of susceptible individuals catalyzes social contagions（C） influence dominates the real world while susceptibility determ
23、ines the virtual world（D）the joint distribution of influence and susceptibility determines the propagation of behaviors24 To which of the following statements about the facebook world might the researchers agree?（A）Peer influence isnt as powerful as thought.（B） Influentials play a minor role in driv
24、ing trends.（C） Users are either kings or followers.（D）Every user can be a trendsetter.25 The phrase “go viral“(Line 4, Para 5)most probably means “_“.（A）be accepted in the real world（B） make a success on the net（C） fall out of favor gradually（D）become increasingly profitable25 Is the professional bo
25、ok reviewer old-fashioned? In a recent Harvard Business School study of nonfiction reviews, assessments in mainstream media outlets and amateur ratings on Amazon largely converged. Assuming we can trust the questionable verdict of mere consensus, surely we could dump the Review section and decide wh
26、at to read purely by consulting peers online?Nevertheless, traditional reviewers still serve a function. Few Amazon users will explore a book with the depth of an 800-word review. Supportive quotes are a virtual obligation of the form in print, since especially appraisals of style require substantia
27、tion, yet most Amazon reviewers applaud or deplore an authors prose without providing examples, and you just have to take their word for it. Granted, critics are often scorned as clubby in-fighters either championing their friends or settling old scores.Yet many Amazon reviewers are just as snotty,
28、overblown and acid as the worst of the “tits“ in the Times Literary Supplement. A few small-minded pros may indeed be brown-nosing or out for revenge, but most critics with a shred of integrity refuse to review authors they know. Besides, Amazon suffers from corruption as well; friends-and-family bo
29、osters can inflate a listing with flattery; rivals and personal adversaries can pump it with poison. Some review sections may be suspected of assigning books whose publishers advertise in the paper, but Amazons emailed “recommendations“ are paid for by publishers, no doubt.As for accuracy of assessm
30、ent, Amazon reviews tend to gather populist momentum, mix together into a group-think that discourages dissenters. Able to check online for whats already out there before filing, insecure professional critics are likewise prone to go safely with the popular tide. But the best reviewers will stick th
31、eir necks out, sometimes defending a misunderstood book against a deluge of denunciation, or objecting that a fashionably crowned “masterpiece“ isnt all its cracked up to be.Still, when executed responsibly, reviewing requires many hours of reading that modest fees dont begin to compensate. Reviewer
32、s are not all grinding an axe or scratching a back. They try to put an authors work in context, to advance a more constructive argument than “I didnt like it“, and to make a few halfway amusing observations along the way. When they pan a work, hoping to save you time and money, they risk making an e
33、nemy of the author for life.Anyway, why not read the Review section and go online? Then, if both the pros and the amateurs turn out to be wrong, these days youve got multiple forums in which to say so. I might defend the reviewing trade, but a handful of haughty hired hands no longer having the last
34、 word on books is not a bad thing. According to that Harvard study, professional critics are influenced by awards and hype, while regular readers are less prone to being concealed and more open to new writers. So between the two sources, we should all find the ultimate Holy Grail.26 Which of the fol
35、lowing is true according to the first two paragraphs?（A）Professional assessments have been outnumbered by amateur ratings.（B） Professional reviews are abundant in supportive quotes.（C） Amateur reviewers provide concise information in their appraisals.（D）Amateur critics are often criticized of being
36、emotional.27 The author mentions Times Literary Supplement to show that_.（A）some Amazon reviewers are biased（B） some professional reviewers are small-minded（C） some Amazon reviews are fake ones（D）some review sections are used by publishers to advertise28 It is indicated in Paragraph 4 that amateur r
37、eviews_.（A）enjoy great popularity（B） encourage multiple perspectives（C） are highly accurate（D）lack unique opinions29 It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that best reviewers_.（A）usually spend more money than they earn（B） know very well about the author（C） are very likely to cause offence to the autho
38、r（D）provide readers with definite judgments30 The author uses “Holy Grail(Line 6, Para 6)“ to mean something_.（A）that is morally good and admired（B） that is worth of consistent pursuit（C） that has a magical power（D）that is impossible to achieve30 Some years ago two nutrition experts went grocery sho
39、pping. For a dollar, Adam Drewnowski and S. E. Specter could purchase 1,200 calories of potato chips or cookies or just 250 calories worth of carrots. This price difference did not spring into existence by force of any natural laws but largely because of antiquated agricultural policies. Public mone
40、y is working at cross-purposes: backing an overabundance of unhealthful calories that are flooding our supermarkets and restaurants, while also battling obesity and the myriad illnesses that go with it. It is time to align our farm policies with our health policies.In past years farm subsidies have
41、been a third rail of American politicsnever to be touched. But their price tag, both direct and indirect, has now brought them back into the debate and created an imperative for change. Conditions such as heart disease, diabetes and arthritis are strongly correlated with excess poundage and run up m
42、edical bills of nearly $ 150 billion every year. The government has poured billions of dollars into dietary campaigns.Agricultural subsidies undercut those efforts by skewing the market in favor of unhealthful calories. Much of the food we have to choose fromand how much it costsis determined by the
43、 2008 farm bill. Federal support for agriculture, begun in earnest during the Great Depression, was originally intended as a temporary lifeline to farmers, paying them extra when crop prices were low. Nearly eight decades later the benefits flow primarily to large commodity producers of corn and soy
44、, which are as profitable as ever.The current farm bill gives some $ 4. 9 billion a year in automatic payments to growers of such commodity crops as corn and soy, thus driving down prices for corn, corn-based products and corn-fed meats. Cows that are raised on corn, rather than grass, make meat tha
45、t is higher in calories and contains more omega-6 fatty acids and fewer omega-3 fatty acidsa dangerous ratio that has been linked to heart disease.Cheap corn has also become a staple in highly processed foods, from sweetened breakfast cereals to soft drinks, that have been linked to an increase in t
46、he rate of type 2 diabetes, a condition that currently affects more than one in 12 American adults. Between 1985 and 2010 the price of beverages sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup dropped 24 percent. Over the same period the price of fresh fruits and vegetables rose 39 percent. For families on
47、a budget, the price difference can be decisive in their food choices.There is no dearth of policy options. Research groups recommend leveling the playing field by extending subsidies and insurance programs more widely to fruit and vegetable producers. The government can also use its own purchasing p
48、ower, through school lunch programs and institutional buying decisions, to fill peoples plates with healthy choices. The imperative, however, is clear; any new farm bill should at the very least remove the current perverse incentives for people to eat unhealthily.31 We learn from Paragraph 1 that U.
49、 S. farm policies_.（A）set a high price for healthy foods（B） result in the lower price of unhealthy diets（C） are in disagreement with natural laws（D）are inconsistent in their purposes32 Farm subsidies have recently aroused concern because of_.（A）the dramatic change in peoples dietary habits（B） the public debate about food prices（C） the unfair flow of benefits from them（D）the huge increase in medical expenses
