1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 19 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Speech, whether oral or written, is a used commodity. If we are to be heard, we must (1)_ our words from those (2)_ to us within fa
2、milies, peer groups, societal institutions, and political net works. Our utterances position us both in an immediate social dialogue (3)_ our addressee and, simultaneously, in a larger ideological one (4)_ by history and society. We speak as an individual and also, as a student or teacher, a husband
3、 or wife, a person of a particular discipline, social class, religion, race, or other socially constructed (5)_. Thus, to varying degrees, all speaking is a (6)_ of others words and all writing is rewriting. As language (7)_, we experience individual agency by in fusing our own intentions (8)_ other
4、 peoples words, and this can be very hard.(9)_, schools, like into churches and courtrooms, are places (10)_ people speak words that are more important than they are. The words of a particular discipline, like those of “God the father“ or of “the law,“ are being articulated by spokespeople for the g
5、iven authority. The (11)_ of the addressed, the listener, is to acknowledge the words and their (12)_. In Bakhtins (13)_, “the authoritative word is located in a distanced zone, organically connected with a (14)_ that is felt to be hierarchally higher.“(15)_, part of growing up in an ideological sen
6、se is becoming more “selective“ about the words we appropriate and, (16)_ pass on to others. In Bakhtins (17)_, responsible people do not treat (18)_ as givens, they treat them as utterances, spoken by particular people located in specific ways in the social landscape. Becoming alive to the socio-id
7、eological complexity of language use is (19)_ to becoming a more responsive language user and, potentially, a more playful one too, able to use a (20)_ of social voices, of perspectives, in articulating ones own ideas.（A）invent（B） appropriate（C） coin（D）change（A）essential（B） attainable（C） usable（D）av
8、ailable（A）through（B） by（C） with（D）in（A）created（B） avowed（C） invented（D）attested（A）schedule（B） category（C） archives（D）index（A）rewriting（B） recreating（C） relearning（D）revoicing（A）users（B） learners（C） students（D）educators（A）out of（B） onto（C） away from（D）into（A）Traditionally（B） Similarly（C） However（D）St
9、rangely（A）in where（B） in that（C） in which（D）what（A）character（B） role（C） function（D）user（A）understanding（B） denotation（C） sense（D）significance（A）terms（B） views（C） discourse（D）opinions（A）past（B） present（C） future（D）ancient time（A）Because（B） Besides（C） Furthermore（D）And yet（A）in contrary（B） in contrast
10、（C） in turn（D）in return（A）argument（B） points（C） terms（D）view（A）word（B） a word（C） the word（D）words（A）sensible（B） critical（C） emergent（D）urgent（A）difference（B） colorfulness（C） diversity（D）variationPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
11、 or D. (40 points)20 Personalized medicine has proved an elusive dream. Biotechnology companies have claimed that by matching a persons genetic make-up with specialised treatments, they can tailor drugs to maximise benefits and minimise side effects. Alas, researchers have discovered that the link b
12、etween a given persons genetic make-up and specific diseases is much more complex than they had hoped. The tantalizing vision remains out of reach.A rare exception has been the success that Myriad Genetics, an American firm, has had with two genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2. Certain versions of these ge
13、nes, it has been shown, are associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. The University of Utah has patented the genes and licenses them to Myriad. The firm uses that exclusivity to create expensive genetic tests for cancer risk which only it offers for sale.The BRCA patents have long f
14、rustrated medical researchers and legal activists. They claim that the firms grip on the two genes unlawfully stifles both innovation and basic science. Given the history of patent rulings in America, that has been a fringe argument until now.On March 29th a federal district court in New York made a
15、 ruling that, taken at face value, turns Americas approach to the patent protection of genes on its head. A coalition led by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) had challenged the very basis of Myriads patents. The nub of the case was this question; “Are isolated human genes and the comparison
16、 of their sequences patentable things?“Until now, the answer had been “Yes“. But Robert Sweet, the presiding judge, disagreed. He ruled: “It is concluded that DNAs existence in an isolated form alters neither this fundamental quality of DNA as it exists in the body nor the information it encodes. Th
17、erefore, the patents at issues directed to isolated DNA containing sequences found in nature are unsustainable as a matter of law and are deemed unpatentable subject matter. “As a rule, patents are not granted for rules of nature or naturally occurring phenomena, but the American patent office has a
18、llowed genes to be patented if they are isolated and “purified. “ Perhaps no longer, if this decision is upheld. The ACLU gleefully declared that this ruling “marks the first time a court has found patents on genes unlawful and calls into question the validity of patents now held on approximately 2,
19、000 human genes. “So is this really such a landmark ruling? It is clear that the judge has the history books in mind. His ruling cites Stephen Breyer, a member of Americas Supreme Court, who argued that “sometimes too much patent protection can impede rather than promote the Progress of Science and
20、useful Arts, the constitutional objective of patent and copyright protection. “However, the majority of the Supreme Court did not agree with Justice Breyer. Dianne Nicol, a professor of law, observes that “this case turns on whether an isolated gene sequence has markedly different characteristics fr
21、om a gene that occurs in the human body. The judge in this case has said it does not have different characteristics but it will be interesting to see if the higher courts agree with that. “520 words21 The first paragraph intends to tell us_.（A）the principles of personalized medicine（B） the potential
22、 benefits of personalized medicine（C） the research status of personalized medicine（D）the complexity of personalized medicine22 Myriad Genetics_.（A）is the discoverer of the association between BRCA and cancer（B） is the patent holder of BRCA1 and BRCA2（C） has violated the law by selling expensive gene
23、tic tests（D）has aroused dissatisfaction among medical researchers23 The phrase “turn sth on its head“( Line 2, Para 4) most probably means “make sb_“.（A）think about sth in a different way（B） begin to consider sth seriously（C） feel proud about sth（D）defend sth against disagreements24 Who is most like
24、ly to side with Myriad Genetics?（A）The ACLU.（B） Robert Sweet.（C） Stephen Breyer.（D）Dianne Nicol.25 It can be concluded that the focus of “patenting BCRA genes“ is whether these genes are（A）isolated（B） natural（C） medically valuable（D）cancer-causing25 Many countries have a tradition of inviting foreig
25、ners to rule them. The English called in William of Orange in 1688, and, depending on your interpretation of history, William of Normandy in 1066. Both did rather a good job. Returning the compliment, Albania asked a well-bred Englishman called Aubgrey Herbert to be their king in the 1920s. He refus
26、edand they ended up with several coves called Zog.America, the country of immigrants, has no truck with imported foreign talent. Article two of the Constitution says that “no person except a natural-born citizen. . . shall be eligible to the office of the president“. This is now being challenged by
27、a particularly irresistible immigrant: Arnold Schwarzenegger.Barely a year has passed since the erstwhile cyborg swept to victory in Californias recall election, yet there is already an Amend-for-Arnold campaign collecting signatures to let the Austrian-born governor have a go at the White House. Ge
28、orge Bush senior has weighed in on his behalf. There are several “Arnold amendments“ in Congress: one allows foreigners who have been naturalized citizens for 20 years to become president. (The Austrian became American in 1983.)It is easy to dismiss the hoopla as another regrettable example of loopy
29、 celebrity politics. Mr. Schwarzenegger has made a decent start as governor, but he has done little, as yet, to change the structure of his dysfunctional state. Indeed, even if the law were changed, he could well be elbowed aside by another incomer, this time from Canada: the Democratic governor of
30、Michigan, Jennifer Granholm, who appears to have fewer skeletons in her closet than the hedonistic actor.Moreover, changing the American constitution is no doddle. It has happened only 17 times since 1791 (when the first ten amendments were codified as the bill of rights). To change the constitution
31、, an amendment has to be approved by two-thirds of both houses of Congress, and then to be ratified by three-quarters of the 50 states. The Arnold amendment is hardly in the same category as abolishing slavery or giving women the vote. And, as some wags point out, Austrian imports have a pretty dodg
32、y record of running military superpowers.26 The author of the text makes a contrast in_.（A）Paragraph HI and Paragraph IV（B） the opening paragraph（C） Paragraph I and Paragraph II（D）the concluding paragraph27 The phrase “has no truck with“ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.（A）lacks means of t
33、ransportation for（B） never discriminates（C） has no vehicle to（D）refuses to consider28 Compared with Jennifer Granholm, Mr. Schwarzenegger is at disadvantage due to（A）more embarrassing secrets（B） previous actor background（C） excessive garment decoration（D）less slender figure29 The word “cyborg“ (Line
34、 1, Paragraph 3) most probably refers to_.（A）Aubgrey Herbert（B） George Bush senior（C） William of Orange（D）Arnold Schwarzenegger30 It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph that_.（A）the American constitution is changeable and falls into a vicious cycle（B） there is a faint chance that legal adj
35、ustments are made for Arnold running（C） abolishing slavery and granting women the vote give an impetus to Arnold running（D）both houses of Congress hold whether he deserves to win is another matter31 The U.S. government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquakes by publish
36、ing a map. This map shows the chances of an earthquake in each part of the country. The areas of the map where earthquakes are most likely to occur are called earth quake “belts“ where government is spending a great deal of money and is working hard to help discover the answer to these two questions
37、;1. Can we predict earthquakes?2. Can we control earthquakes?To answer the first question, scientists are looking very closely at the most active fault(断层) systems in the country, such as the San Andreas fault in California. A fault is a. break between two sections of the earths surface. These break
38、s between sections are the places where earthquakes occur. Scientists look at the faults for changes, which might show that an earthquake was about to occur. But it will probably be many years before we can predict earthquakes accurately. And the control of earthquakes is even farther away.Neverthel
39、ess, there have been some interesting developments in the field of controlling earthquakes. The most interesting development concerns the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes. Here water was put into a layer of rocks 4,000 meters below the surface of the ground. Shortly after this injection of water,
40、there were a small number of earthquakes. Scientists have decided that the water which was injected into the rocks worked like oil on each other. When the water “oiled“ the fault, the fault became slippery and the energy of an earthquake was released. Scientists are still experimenting at the site o
41、f these earthquakes. They have realized that there is a connection between the injection of the water and the earthquake activity. They have suggested that it might be possible to use this knowledge to prevent very big, destructive earthquakes, that is, scientists could inject some kind of fluid-lik
42、e water into faults and change one big earthquake into a number of small, harmless earthquakes.31 Earthquake belts are _.（A）maps that show where earthquakes are likely to occur（B） zones with a high probability of earthquakes（C） breaks between two sections of the earths surface（D）the two layers of ea
43、rth along a fault32 The San Andreas fault is _.（A）an active fault system（B） a place where earthquakes have been predicted accurately（C） a place where earthquakes have been controlled（D）the location of the Rocky Mountain33 What did scientists learn about earthquakes at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal?（A）T
44、hey occur at about 4,000 meters below ground level.（B） The injection of water into earthquake faults prevents earthquakes from occurring.（C） They are usually caused by the oil in the faults.（D）Harmful earthquakes can be possibly prevented by causing small, harmless earthquakes.34 What can be said ab
45、out the experiments at Rocky Mountain Arsenal?（A）They have no practical value in earthquake prevention.（B） They may have practical value in earthquake prevention.（C） They are certain to have practical value in earthquake prevention.（D）The article does not say anything about their practical value in
46、earthquake prevention.35 What is the most appropriate title for the passage?（A）Dangers of Earthquakes.（B） Earthquake Belts and Prediction.（C） Earthquake Prediction and Control.（D）Earthquake Engineering in California.36 Under certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-
47、normal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay underwater longer and dive deeper.The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawate
48、r, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body, otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a scuba diver at 40 met
49、ers are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen cause under these pressurized helium does no
