1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 88 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative ef
2、fects on the development of social security. It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller tha
3、n the persons wages for fear of malingering.“The purpose of social security,“ said Huntford referring to Swedens comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.“ Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the lik
4、elihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability.【F2】Peop
5、le suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasi
6、ngly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend.【F3】Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been inc
7、reasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industr
8、ial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace.【F4】There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.T
9、he relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair.【F5】It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.“ It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, howe
10、ver, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers opposition towards loss of their jobs.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 It is a cherished Brussels maxim that the European Union takes its greatest lea
11、ps forwards in a crisis and then only after several false starts.【F1】Thus for Euro-optimists, the fact that it has taken EU leaders nearly three months to deliver a promised rescue package for Greece is less important than the fact that on May 2nd the block finally leapt, setting in motion the bigge
12、st sovereign bail out plan in EU history.Meeting in Brussels, finance ministers from the 16 countries that use the single currency accepted the need to stump up more than 110 billion ($146 billion) over the next three years. In effect, the rescue funds will replace commercial borrowing from the fina
13、ncial markets between now and 2012.【F2】The hope is that will buy Greece time to bring its deficit under control through savage cuts in public spending: Greece has agreed to austerity measures worth 13% of national income over the next four years.So is this a big leap forward: the start of an economi
14、c union willing to transfer vast sums from rich regions to ropier members of the club, in the interests of all? For the moment, scepticism is in order.The pattern of the past three months has been a series of gambles by EU leaders.【F3】Their bet, each time, has been that a fierce enough political dec
15、laration will intimidate markets into backing away from a weak member of the club. This latest announcement looks different but it is not: it is just the biggest and fiercest declaration yet that markets should leave the eurozone alone.There is more political will to defend the eurozone than there w
16、as three months ago. But there is not a trillion euros worth of political will out there.【F4】That is mostly because this is such a dynamic crisis: EU political will to act has deepened and strengthened over the past three months, and continues to do so. But the strengthening of EU political will has
17、 not kept pace with the worsening of the crisis.All that means this does not (yet) look like a great leap forwards.【F5】Noting that Greece is going to have to make deep and painful cuts to public sector pay and benefits while raising taxes sharply, Mrs. Merkel, the German chancellor, said those harsh
18、 terms would deter other euro zone countries from getting into similar pickles. Other heavily indebted governments would “see that Greeces path, with the IMFs strict terms, is not easy, so they will do everything to avoid that for themselves.“6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Picture-taking is a tec
19、hnique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of realit
20、y.【F1 】That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.【F2】These conf
21、licting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking“ a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue
22、, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two id
23、eals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography s means.【F3】Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinar
24、y informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke.【F4】But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm thems
25、elves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has b
26、een virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing“. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too
27、fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future(of faster and faster seeing)alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality.【F5】This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is c
28、urrently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】It is
29、 no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing; that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the de
30、veloped world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanleys Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the “global labor arbitrage“ is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs.【F2 】It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers
31、 that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competiti
32、on.The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than 1 million American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4 million jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that
33、is tiny compared with the 30 million jobs destroyed and created in America every year.【F3】The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in e
34、merging economies.Mr. Blinder says: “education offers no protection.【F4】Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring.
35、This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages.“In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. But since then, acco
36、rding to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in th
37、e middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest.【F5】 A study confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20
38、Suppose you accept the persuasive data that inequality has been rising in the United States and most advanced nations in recent decades. But suppose you dont want to fight inequality through politically polarizing steps like higher taxes on the wealthy or a more generous social welfare system.【F1】Th
39、ere remains a plausible solution to rising inequality that avoids those polarizing ideas: strengthening education so that more Americans can benefit from the advances of the 21st-century economy. This is a solution that conservatives, centrists and liberals alike can comfortably get behind. After al
40、l, who doesnt favor a stronger educational system. But a new paper shows why the math just doesn t add up, at least if the goal is addressing the gap between the very rich and everyone else.Brad Hershbein, Melissa Kearney and Lawrence Summers offer a simple little simulation that shows the limits of
41、 education as an inequality-fighter. In short, more education would be great news for middle and lower-income Americans, increasing their pay and economic security.【F2】It just isn t up to the task of meaningfully reducing inequality, which is being driven by the sharp upward movement of the very top
42、 of the income distribution.It is all the more interesting that the research comes from Mr. Summers, a former Treasury secretary who is hardly known as a soak-the-rich class warrior.【F3】It is published by the Hamilton Project, a centrist research group operating with Wall Street funding and seeking
43、to find third-way-style solutions to America s problems that can unite left and right.【F4】In their simulation, they assume that 10 percent of non-college-educated men of prime working age suddenly obtained a college degree or higher, which would be an unprecedented rise in the proportion of the work
44、 force with advanced education. They assume that these more educated men go from their current pay levels to pay that is in line with current college graduates, minus an adjustment for the fact that more college grads in the work force could depress their wages a bit.【F5】“Increasing the educational
45、attainment of men without a college degree will increase their average earnings and their likelihood of being employed,“ the authors write. And even if it doesn t do much to reduce overall inequality, they find it does reduce inequality within the bottom half of the income distribution, by increasin
46、g the earnings of those near the 25th percentile of earnings.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 88 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 传统上，社会赋予工作的价值一直与个人主义价值紧密相连。因此，这对社会保障的发展产生了负面
47、的影响。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 与那些遭受个人意外和忍受普通疾病折磨的人相比，因公受伤或者患有职业病的人在社会保障服务方面享有优待。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 同样，社会保障服务给予职业伤残的优惠待遇越来越多地受到了质疑，人们要求提高对其他类型伤残的救济。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 此外，还有一个我们在讨论单亲家庭救济问题时所提及的理由即一个现代的社会保障服务必须专注于满足需求，不管这些需求的背后有何原因。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 诚然，直到最近，普遍的观点依然认为社会保障“体现的是一种享受，从本质上讲是反经济的”。它仅仅被看作是政府用于贫困群体的
48、开支。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 所以，对于欧盟乐观主义者，欧盟领导人经过了近 3 个月终于同意向希腊提供一个救助计划的这一事实与 5 月 2 号终于行动起来开始欧盟历史上最大的救助计划相比，没那么重要。【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 希望那将为希腊赢得时间通过削减公众开销能够控制财政赤字：希腊已同意在未来 4 年实施相当于国民收入 13的财政紧缩措施。【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 他们每次的赌注是：凭借一个相当激烈的政治宣言，就可以恐吓市场不要打欧盟中虚弱成员的主意。【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 主要原因在于这是一场动态危机：欧盟行动的政治意愿在过
49、去的三个月中已经得到加深和强化，并且这种趋势还在一直持续下去。【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 注意到希腊在大幅度增加税收的同时却将不得不大力削减公共部门的薪水和津贴，德国总理默克尔夫人说，这种苛刻的条件将会阻止其他欧元区国家陷入同样的困境。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 那就是说，摄影包含两个直接对立的观念：第一，摄影是反映世界的，摄影者只不过是一个无足轻重的观察者：但是，第二，摄影是探索主观性的无畏工具，摄影者决定一切。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 这两个相互冲突的观念源自摄影者和摄影鉴赏者对“照” 相过程中的闯劲所表现出来的不安心情。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 不论摄影可能成为一种同绘画一样的个性表现的论断正确与否，摄影的独创性总是同照相机的机械能力密切相连的。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 但是当照相机变得越来越高级，越来越自动化时，有些摄影者很不想用这种照相机，或者暗示实际上不用这种照相机，而宁愿用现代化以前的照相技术。因为粗制的、较差的照相机械被认为能得到更有趣、更动人的效果，给创造活动留有更大的余地。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 这种对某些早期摄影业的怀旧情绪目前正广泛流行。这就是目前热衷于银板照相法和被遗忘的 19 世纪地方摄影师的作品的原因。 【知
