1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 116 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 “There will always be bears, and there will always be bulls, but one can never know when one will dominate the other.“ This quote by noted economist Wil
2、liam Urster efficiently summarizes the economic theory of market cycles, in which periods of economic growth must inevitably be followed by periods of downturn, and vice versa. These respective periods play off one another, reinforcing a positive trend of growth over the long term.It is a tradition
3、on Wall Street to refer to periods of sustained economic loss and recession as “bear“ markets. The name is derived from the way a bear attacks its prey, by swinging downward with its claws, thus indicating the markets downward charted trend. The “bull“ market, however, is construed as following the
4、upward motion a bull uses to attack its enemy with its horns, signaling an upward trend for the economy. As the bear and the bull do battle, the investors find the economy quite unpredictable, and thus hard to apply the time-honored philosophy of buying stocks when the market is low, so as to sell w
5、hen the market is high, at a substantial profit.Such market timing is not necessary, however. Over the history of the American stock exchange, the long-term pattern for the economy has always been up. In fact, the American economy, as gauged by the Standard and Poors Index, has grown at an astoundin
6、g 11% average per year. Thus, by simply investing at an appropriate time and keeping ones money in the market, long-term investors who can stomach the roller-coaster ride through the down periods will come out much richer for it in the long run.Few seem to have the patience and discipline to think a
7、bout long-term investment in the market, however. Most people prefer to gamble instead, by hopping in and out of stocks, hoping to catch the buy at the lowest point and the sell at the highest. It has been statistically proven, however, that such short-term trading tends to result in losses over tim
8、e. Aside from losses due to bad sales, tax consequences and brokerage fees chip away at these short-sighted traders pockets, reinforcing the lesson. “Patience is a virtue,“ its said, and the stock market certainly provides no exception.1 It is argued that the least successful investors are those who
9、_.（A）invest only in the short term（B） try to time market periods by constantly buying and selling（C） do not maintain a long-term view of the economy（D）lack the discipline to invest for long-term periods2 The 11% growth rate of the U. S. economy indicates that the nation_.（A）operates on constantly po
10、sitive trends of economic growth（B） grows at a constant rate over time（C） has ups and downs, but over the long-term is generally up（D）is the ideal investment setting for long-term investors3 What can be inferred from the text?（A）If an investor has patience, he will see his money grow in the stock ma
11、rket.（B） Without discipline, an investor cannot make money in the United States stock market.（C） The U.S. economy is best characterized by the metaphor of the bull.（D）Even when losses are suffered, a long-term approach will end in profit.4 The author feels that down periods in the U. S. economy are_
12、.（A）a naturally inevitable part of the economic cycle（B） due to lack of patience in American investors（C） results of mistakes on sales, tax losses and other costs（D）non-existent in the long-run5 The author uses the quote by Urster in the first paragraph in order to_.（A）support his hypothesis by show
13、ing that a prominent figure agrees with him（B） use an experts opinion as the basis of his argument（C） explain why the stock market is such an unpredictable institution（D）introduce the main point of the text5 When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to
14、 work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and to find ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the en
15、tire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disea
16、se so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate
17、 the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trai
18、ned to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patients death.
19、 Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately one in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contracts the smallpox disease from the vaccine itsel
20、f and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3,000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event
21、 of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination.The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.6 How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph 2?（A）By training the
22、immune system to fight weaker versions of the disease.（B） By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.（C） By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.（D）Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.7 What does the exam
23、ple of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?（A）The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.（B） The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.（C） The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.（D）The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.8 The author arg
24、ues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because_.（A）saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few（B） some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects（C） they dont always work（D）while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vacci
25、ne9 The best title for this text would be_.（A）The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis（B） How Vaccines Work（C） Vaccines: Methods and Implications（D）A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines10 The main purpose of the text is to_.（A）convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think（B）
26、educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers（C） educate the reader on the circumstances that would neccesitate widespread vaccinations（D）present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine10 When a company unexpectedly finds itself losing m
27、arket share and taking a beating at the hands of its competitors, its a clear signal that a change is needed. For a variety of reasons, any company can suddenly lose the competitive advantage that it previously enjoyed. The mark of a strong business, however, is its ability to overcome such setbacks
28、 and reclaim its position as the front runner in its field.One of the greatest variables in the process, however, is technology, which on one hand makes businesses more efficient and thus profitable than previously thought possible, but changes at such a rapid pace that few businesses utilize it to
29、its full potential. Those companies that invest heavily in the latest technology of the day may find their machines outdated and obsolete the next year, thus losing the advantage that they hoped to gain, and also a substantial amount of investment money as well. Those who are more cautious and buy l
30、ess of the latest gadgetry may learn that technology changes more slowly, and their competitors who invested more heavily now hold the upper hand. Its a game of hit and miss.Because of the uneven and unpredictable pace of progress between technological fields, companies are devoting more and more re
31、sources to not only acquiring more of the latest developments, but researching the factors that determine their production so as to position themselves better to adapt to the next change. This strategy has been producing positive results for those who employ it, but it is a massively expensive one,
32、limiting its viability to only the largest companies, who are already enjoying many advantages in the market.Such dynamics make it increasingly difficult for new startup companies to break into established markets, lacking the funding and cash reserves necessary to play the game the same way as the
33、big boys do. The same technology that keeps the large companies on top, however, can still topple them. New, smaller companies have less to lose and thus can afford to gamble on new technologies that larger companies consider too risky to devote themselves to. In the rare occurrences when these risk
34、y endeavors bear fruit, proving themselves to be the way of the future, the rewards to those daring enough, or small enough, to invest in them prove well worth the effort.11 The text is mainly about_.（A）the impact of technology on business（B） how small companies can catch up with larger ones（C） the
35、effect of the unpredictable nature of technology on business dynamics（D）the result of rapid technological change on business decisions12 When a new technological innovation appears, businesses should_.（A）seize on the opportunity and invest heavily in it so as to reap its future benefits（B） use it as
36、 a means to catch up with larger companies, if the investor is a smaller business（C） base its actions on its research and beliefs regarding its future profitability（D）refrain from investing heavily, in case its effect is small or none13 In paragraph 2, “Its a game of hit and miss. “ means that_.（A）t
37、he key to succeeding is to invest in the correct technology（B） investments in new technologies most often result in loss（C） those who invest in the latest technologies employ great risk（D）investing in the new technology is unpredictable and difficult14 The author believes that new technology is_.（A）
38、a way for small businesses to catch up with larger ones that would otherwise not have a chance（B） a dangerous investment that must be approached with utmost caution（C） the primary means by which established businesses can be usurped by new entrants（D）best utilized by larger businesses with the resou
39、rces to properly research into them15 The most appropriate title for this text would be_.（A）Technology: The Equalizing Factor（B） Gambling on Technology（C） The Proper Applications of Technology in Business（D）The Technological Edge: Key to Business15 There is a growing concern throughout the world tha
40、t the use of stem-cell research, the process whereby certain cells are extracted from fetuses for future cloning purposes, may lead to a moral dilemma on the nature of cloning technology.Indeed, certain professionals in the field of cloning will likely face a difficult moral choice in the near futur
41、e. Embryonic cells are currently extracted from aborted fetuses and then used to generate organs that replace missing or diseased ones in humans. The potential for such swapping of injured or missing limbs is enormous. Amputated arms and diseased livers could be replaced by newly cloned ones by adap
42、ting such embryonic cells. However, certain anti-abortion groups have already decried the use of aborted fetuses and pledged to boycott any more such research.In the United States, President Bush recently signed an executive order banning the use of any Federal money for the purpose of human cloning
43、. However, many political observers note that private research into human cloning continues unabatedly and that, even if the United States supported and managed to enforce an outright ban in both the public and private sectors, competition from other countries would put pressure on US firms to devel
44、op their own cloning technology.A new option has recently been developed to weaken opposition to cloning efforts. New research has uncovered the use of similar stem-cells in fat tissue. The use of such tissue is not as politically volatile since it avoids the issue of abortion. Moreover, proponents
45、of such cloning technology often cite the enormous benefits to medical science that reproductive cloning could reap. Cloning technology could finally cure certain diseases and ailments that are currently untreatable.However, the prospect of playing god with human genetics has made many weary of purs
46、uing human or partial human cloning. As the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep proved, human cloning may only be a few decades away. For many, the ethical and legal consequences of responding to new technologies that advance the field of cloning have been difficult. Can governments, citizens and
47、private groups come to a consensus on the use and limitations of cloning? Or will we end up with a new generation of monsters, spawned from our desire for eternal life?16 In paragraph 3, some political observers note that Bushs executive order may be ineffective because_.（A）there are not enough reso
48、urces to monitor cloning（B） some abortion groups have a lot of political power（C） only the public sector is affected（D）other countries do not have presidential systems17 The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that the author is_.（A）supportive of cloning（B） religiously infuriated（C）
49、informatively neutral（D）pessimistic about cloning technology18 Certain groups oppose stem-cell research because_.（A）it is costly and dangerous（B） it would expand the powers of the government（C） it may spread diseases（D）they oppose the use of aborted fetuses19 The text is mainly about_.（A）how cloning is bad for society（B） how cloning may help our lives（C） the dangers and possible benefits of cloning（D）the political consequences of cloning20 The author refers to a potential new generation of m
