1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 340 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The Federal Trade Commission had some sharp words for Internet companies Thursday, saying that they are not explaining to their users clearly enough wha
2、t information they collect about them and how they use it for advertising. For now, the commission is sticking to its view that the Internet industry can voluntarily regulate its own privacy practices.But the tone of the report, and comments by several commission members and staff officials, indicat
3、ed that if the industry does not move faster, the agency would increase regulation or call for Congress to legislate stricter online privacy rules. “People were worried that the commission would abandon its support for self-regulation,“ said Jules Polonetsky, the co-chairman of the Future of Privacy
4、 Forum, a trade group. “The commission is saying you have one last chance before I come upstairs and take your toys away. “Technically, the commission released an update to its principles for what it calls online behavioral advertisingads shown to the user based on past patterns of behavior. These a
5、re voluntary guidelines first issued at the end of 2007.The new guidelines suggest that Web sites explain how they collect and use data in a “clear, concise, consumer friendly, and prominent“ way. Few sites meet that standard right now, the commission found.“What we observe is that, with rare except
6、ion, it is not the rule for any Web sites to do those things,“ said Eileen Harrington, the acting director of the commissions bureau of consumer protection, in an interview Thursday. “It is far more commonplace for them to put the information in the midst of lengthy and hard-to-understand privacy po
7、licies. “Ms. Harrington challenged Internet companies to explain what they are doing in a section other than its privacy policy.The commission did not specify what sort of notice companies should give, but it noted that some have proposed methods that are more visible to the average user, like a lin
8、k right on each advertisement that leads to an explanation of what data the advertiser collects and uses. “This is about advertising, so these people ought to be creative,“ she said.Groups that want better online privacy were mixed in their reaction. Some praised the new, tougher standards for targe
9、ted ads. But others argued that the commission did not go far enough to regulate all the different ways that Internet companies monitor users. “These are baby steps for privacy at best,“ said Jeff Chester, the director of the Center for Digital Democracy.1 The Federal Trade Commission believes that
10、Internet companies _.（A）explain clearly enough the information they collect（B） draw up stricter online privacy rules for advertising（C） use the information about their users in advertising（D）have the freedom to adjust their own privacy rules2 Information shows that the Federal Trade Commission would
11、 _.（A）strengthen guidance to the growth of Internet industry（B） support the Internet industry to regulate their policies（C） strictly control the privacy rules for online advertising（D）call for Congress to legislate against online advertising 3 By saying “you have one last chance before 1 come upstai
12、rs and take your toys away“. Jules Polonetsky means that the commission is determined to _.（A）update its principles for online advertising rules（B） force Web sites to regulate their privacy practices（C） urge Internet companies to provide better services（D）forbid Web sites to use private information
13、at will4 Ms. Harrington noted that most Internet companies _.（A）are unwilling to clearly explain how they collect and use data（B） are very creative in explaining what data they collect and use（C） tend to use a visible method to explain what data they collect（D）prefer to formulate lengthy and unintel
14、ligible privacy policies 5 Jeff Chester suggested that the Federal Trade Commission should（A）prevent Web sites from monitoring users（B） adopt the most stringent standards for ads（C） take stronger privacy protection measures（D）regulate online advertising when necessary5 One big plus of the House bill
15、 is the incentives it contains for a little-known technology called cogeneration. This is a method of using waste heat to generate power, and it has enormous potential.Power plants, factories and refineries vent steam and hot gases through smokestacks. All that wasted heat is wasted energy. By putti
16、ng a recovery device in the stack and using the steam to drive a turbine, one can generate electricity to send back into the factory or to the power grid. A 2005 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study of 16 major industries found enough waste heat to generate 96,000 megawatts of power, which is
17、 nearly a fifth of nationwide electricity demand. Another method of cogeneration is to build a mini-plant, usually fueled by natural gas, to power large industrial or commercial properties; a single flame generates electricity and heats the buildings while cutting out transmission costs. Both method
18、s dramatically reduce power consumption and thus emissions.Cogeneration is attracting increasing notice, but it still faces high hurdles. Utilities see the entrepreneurs who build cogeneration plants as competitors and often structure their rates to nullify savings for companies that recycle power.
19、Further, in some states its illegal for anyone other than a utility to sell electricity. The House energy bill rightly improves access to the power grid for cogeneration facilities and sets up a loan fund to encourage recycled energy in public buildings, but more should be done, such as creation of
20、an investment tax credit for cogeneration plants. Undoubtedly there is a limit to conservation-at some point, it will become prohibitively expensive to keep making refrigerators 5% more efficient every yearbut the amount of power that could still be saved using existing technologies is staggering. L
21、awrence Berkeley researcher Hashem Akbari estimates the savings from a simple fix like requiring white roofs, which would reflect sunlight and therefore lower cooling costs, at more than $ 1 billion a year nationwide. Fighting global warming doesnt have to derail the economy, or even slow it much. S
22、ome of the costs of the expensive fixes, such as developing renewable power, capturing carbon from coal-burning plants and refining better bio-fuels, can be offset by the savings from efficiency measures such as better insulation, tougher fuel economy standards and appliances that suck less power. T
23、he right combination of saving energy and investing in new forms will pay dividends for the world.6 According to the text, the House energy bill encourages_.（A）developing new technologies（B） utilizing little-known technology（C） improving cogeneration technology（D）using waste heat to produce electric
24、ity7 Cogeneration technology has enormous potential since_.（A）it can generate enough electricity for 16 major industries to use（B） it may satisfy a large proportion of nations electricity demand（C） factories tend to discharge huge amount of steam and hot gases（D）all the wasted heat collected can be
25、used to generate electricity8 The author suggests that utilities are_.（A）unwilling to see the development of cogeneration（B） glad to have cogeneration plants as their competitors（C） in favor of the House energy bill to improve cogeneration（D）in cooperation with cogeneration plants to supply electric
26、ity9 It is true that the House energy bill_.（A）forbids non-utility companies to sell electricity（B） devises a tax credit for cogeneration companies（C） structures rates for companies to recycle power（D）promotes the use of recycled energy in buildings10 Which of the following is an economical measure
27、for energy conservation?（A）Investing in new forms of facilities.（B） Making more efficient refrigerators.（C） Requiring white roofs for buildings.（D）Toughening fuel economy standards.10 One of the hottest questions in the study of animal behavior is. “Do animals have emotions?“ The simple answer is. “
28、Of course they do. “ Just look at them, listen to them, and, if you dare, smell the odors they emit when they interact with friends and foes. Look at their faces, tails, bodies and, most importantly, their eyes. What we see on the outside tells us a lot about whats happening inside animals heads and
29、 hearts.As a scientist whos studied animal emotions for more than 30 years. I consider myself very fortunate. Whenever I observe or work with animals, I get to contribute to science and develop social relationships at the same time, and to me, theres no conflict between the two. While stories about
30、animal emotions abound, there are many lines of scientific support(what I call “science sense“)about the nature of animal emotions that are rapidly accumulating from behavioral and neurobiological studies(from the emerging field called social neuroscience). Common sense and intuition also feed into
31、and support science sense and the obvious conclusion is that mammals, at the very least, experience rich and deep emotional lives, feeling passions from pure and contagious joy during play, to deep grief and pain. Recent data also shows that birds and fish are sentient and experience pain and suffer
32、ing. Prestigious scientific journals regularly publish essays on joy in rats, grief in elephants and empathy in mice.The bottom line is that we know more about animal passions than we often admit, and we can no longer ignore the pain and suffering of other beings. Many people in higher education are
33、 faced with difficult questions about the use of animals in their classrooms and research laboratories and today we must accept that there are compelling reasons stemming from scientific research to limit and perhaps stop using animals in lieu of the numerous highly effective non animal alternatives
34、 that are readily available. In scientific research there are always surprises. Just when we think weve seen it all, new scientific data appear that force us to rethink what we know and to revise our stereotypes. For example, spindle cells, which were long thought to exist only in humans and other g
35、reat apes, have recently been discovered in humpback whales, fin whales, killer whales and sperm whales in the same area of their brains as spindle cells in human brains. This brain region is linked with social organization, empathy and intuition about the feelings of others, as well as rapid gut re
36、actions. Spindle cells are important in processing emotions. Its likely that if we seek the presence of spindle cells in other animals we will find them.11 Which of the following best supports the assumption that animals have emotions?（A）What happens in their heads and hearts.（B） How they interact w
37、ith friends and foes.（C） The odors they emit when heing with friends.（D）The expression in their eyes while interacting with others.12 The author considers himself very fortunate because_.（A）he has studied animal emotions for more than 30 years（B） he is one of the few scientists who study animal emot
38、ions（C） he has found scientific evidences to support the notion of animal emotions（D）he hasnt found any conflict between the study of animal behavior and his interest13 The author has justified with his study of animal behavior that_.（A）mammals are able to feel both joy and grief（B） birds and fish e
39、xperience more pain than joy（C） mammals can experience richer emotions than other animals（D）common sense and intuition is less convincing than science sense14 The author argues that_.（A）animals have more passions than we usually admit（B） non animal research is more effective than animal research（C）
40、to stop using animals is not only imperative but also feasible（D）the pain and suffering imposed on animals should be removed15 By referring to spindle cells, the author intends to show that_.（A）animal emotions originated from them（B） animals are undoubtedly emotional beings（C） they are important in
41、processing emotions（D）they can be found in the brains of various animals15 Social conflicts know no bounds. It does not resonate in a certain age group, creed, color or race. Everyone experiences at least one social conflict in their lifetime. There are many ways to deal with social conflicts, with
42、some being remarkable and even resolving the conflict at hand, and others that tend to fuel the fire or just make matters worse. A social conflict can be as small as a problem in the work place amongst coworkers and can be as big as a world leaders disagreeing on an international matter. As a child,
43、 many of us were told by our elders and mentors to ignore bullying. They told us that others were jealous or insecure and took it out on you as a result or coverup. A lot of us may remember resorting towards violence or other aggressive confrontations to try and deal with the matter. For many of us,
44、 this also resulted in punishment such as suspension, detention and worsening of the bullying. The truth is that if you go to a counselor or authority figure, and arrange a sit down with the person bullying and talk it out, you are usually better off. Trying to talk to a child or young adult in fron
45、t of the peers, rarely works. They feel obligated to put on a show for their friends or uphold their status as the “tough kid“ or the “class bully. “ Once they let that guard down, they may very well be bullied by the peers that have stood behind them in many situations. In the work place, certain c
46、onflicts can arise such as conflict of roles or authority to conflict of interest and position conflict. Many times, the best way to deal with a conflict in the work place is to talk to the coworker or source of conflict first, while remembering to be polite, civil and on point. Some others decide t
47、o go to the head of the workplace such as the boss or a supervisor to address the matter at hand. Either way, it is never a good nor logical idea to confront the conflict with yelling, bullying, gossip, or physical violence. For one, this will not resolve the issue. You may also lead way to addition
48、al problems, such as suspension, loss of job, or loss of respect in the workplace.Social confliction is inevitable. The only way to deal with social conflict is resolution. You can take the road of violent and rash forms of trying to resolve your problems, or you can take the path of dealing with yo
49、ur problem civilly, legally and non-violently.16 By saying “Social conflicts know no bounds. “. the author means that_.（A）there is conflict between different races（B） social conflict is nothing but class struggle（C） nobody living in society can avoid conflict（D）conflict is an inherent part of any institution17 The author believes that social conflicts_.（A）tend to aggravate our working environment（B） derive from the disagreement among leaders（C） make matters much worse without any doubt（D）can be peacef
