1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 471 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that al
2、l worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.【C1】_.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropologythe scientific study of human societies, customs
3、 and beliefsthus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.【C2】_.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known
4、 as Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.【C3 】_.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of
5、 culture .【C4 】_.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism
6、. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.【C5】_.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly inf
7、luence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.AOther anthropologists believed that cultural in
8、novations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.BIn order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human bi
9、ology and anatomy.CHe argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,“ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.DThey also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve
10、a people s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children s entrance into adulthood.EThus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and
11、 systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.FSupporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.GFor example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis o
12、f inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4 】5 【C5 】5 Think of those
13、fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a
14、dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the m
15、ail carrier.【C1】_.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st centurys culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate t
16、he computer, we must also tread with caution.【C2 】_. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even
17、aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and us
18、e them to create superfluous material goodspaintings, sculpture and architectureand superfluous experiences music, literature, religion and philosophy.【C3】_.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social
19、 media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.【 C4】_.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that televis
20、ion asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.【C5】_.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness“ creations and experiences to which others adhere.AOf course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture a
21、nd ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.BApplications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then
22、share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.CNot only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.DThis is because the networked
23、 computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploadingbetween passive consumption and active creationwhose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.EThe challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being rep
24、laced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.FOne reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world s media culture has been defined by a single medium televisionand television is defined by downloading.GThe
25、 networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.6 【C1 】7 【C2 】8 【C3 】9 【C4 】10 【C5 】10 The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional soci
26、al scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today s glo
27、bal challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.【C1】_. Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of
28、food, wealth and prosperity.【C2 】_. This is a shamethe community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely
29、 focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change“ or “climate change“ have increased rapidly since 2004.【C3】_.When social scientists do tackle practical
30、 issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.【C4 】_. This is an
31、 adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically tar
32、geted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposit
33、e.【C5】_. That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.AIt could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is probl
34、em-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.BHowever, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1, 600 of the 100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.CThe idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, inc
35、luding health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.DThe solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social
36、innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.EThese issues all have root causes in human behavior; all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing
37、 consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.FDespite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to i
38、ntegrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.GDuring the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development fundsincluding government, higher education, non-profit and corporatevaried from around 4% to 25%; in mos
39、t European nations, it is about 15%.11 【C1 】12 【C2 】13 【C3 】14 【C4 】15 【C5 】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 471 答案与解析Part B (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 C 项的意思是，人类的进化有一个特征 “survival of the fittest”，并且解释了种族和社 会的适者生存观念。因为第一段讲的是 Herbert Spencer 的“生物和文化进化理论”。并且出现了 Charles Darwin 提出的“生物界的适者生存”，而这里说人类社会的进化也有适者生存这一特
40、征， 所以，正确答案是 C 项。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 E 项认为不同方面的文化随着社会的进化都改变了。第二段第三句提到，在 Morgan 的作 品里，他尽量说明了 how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies，这跟 E 项 的内容不谋而合。所以，E 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 A 项主要介绍了什么叫 diffusionism，它认为文化的变革是有单一的起源的，并且这种变 革会在社会之间传递。第五段出现了 diffusionism，而且
41、 other anthropologists 的出现表明，前文可能出现了 anthropologist 这一词，回到原文中找各个人 的职业，就可以看到整篇文章提出的 4 个主要理论家中，只有Lewis Henry Morgan 和 Franz Boas 的职业是 anthropologist，因此可推出，A 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 B 项的大体意思是：他对语言学和体质人类学都很熟悉，以便尽可能全面地了解特定的文 化观念。particular cultures 是关键词。回到文章，在第三段可以找到 the uniqueness of all cultur
42、es， 由此断定，这个选项中的 he 指的就是Franz Boas。Boas 在第三段和第四段都出现过，所以正确答 案为 B 项。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 G 项是一个例子，用来补充说明前面的观点，其大体意思是：由于信息缺乏，这两位人类学 家错误地指出农耕等都是起源于古埃及，然后传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化在世界不 同地方、不同时期都曾分别出现过。这个例子是两个不同观点的比较。在第五段除了 historical particularism(历史特殊论)外，还看到 diffusionism 理论和 diffusionists 这一类人。正好是两种理论 的对比，所
43、以 G 项正确。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 第二段介绍电脑的问世过程，第三段阐述联网电脑的强大功能，所以空格处部分应该承 上启下。C 项中的 not only 承接上文，but 后的内容则与下文对应。同时，可以通过“The second half of the 20th century(20 世纪后半叶)”与“the turn of the millennium(千年之交)”结构的上下呼 应来定位。 C 项中的 such a device即指代 fabulous machine，typewriter and printing press 等设备。 因此
44、，正确答案为 C 项。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 根据就近原则，线索为“a secret war(一场秘密的战争)” ，然而前文并没有提到过 a secret war，因此空格部分必须出现有关 a secret war 的信息。D项中的 this is because承接首句，说明 了我们要谨慎使用电脑的原因；而且该选项中引出了 a secret war，与下文衔接紧密，故选 D 项。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 空格部分出现在段尾，且前一句中提到 super fluous material goodsand super fluous experi
45、ences。 A 项中的 these super fluous things 可以在前文中找到所指。A 项中的第一句话用 Of course，与前文形成 正确的因果关系。第二句话指出人类应该超越下载模式，下一段第一句话说人类依然拘囿于下 载模式，前后转折自然，过渡顺畅。因此正确答案为 A 项。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 空格部分出现在段尾，起承上启下的作用。浏览选项发现 F 项中的this pyramid of production 与前文 a pyramid of production 相呼应。此外 F 项中的television 是下一段第一 句话的主语，开启了下文
46、对电视的论述，完美地实现了空格处上下文不同话题之间的平滑过 渡。所以 F 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 空格部分出现在段尾，起承上启下的作用。浏览选项，发现，G 项提到 reverse the flow，而前 文提到 Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes，因此前后呼应，后文表示互联网可以扭转 这种流向，与前文形成转折。另外，下一段开头问：什么是有意义的上传呢?可见空格处必须出现 meaningful uploading，这样下文才能有所指，G 项中有这两个词语。综上所述， G 项为正确答案。【
47、知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读11 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 空格前提到了复数结构的 global challenges，整句话的意思为“这个巨大的资源并没有为 应对今天的全球化挑战做出足够的贡献诸如气候变化、社会安全、可持续发展和人体健 康”。该项首句 these issues 说明前文或者有 issues这个单词出现，或者出现表示 issue 的复数同 义名词，或者出现若干个具体的issue 内容，在这里 these issues 即指代空格前所提到的复数结构 global challenges，以及该项第二句的 climate change 举例说明即是空前所列出的问题之一，并且
48、 该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好地启示了下文。【知识模块】 阅读12 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 该项开头出现逻辑关系词 despite，且之后还出现了代词 these，所以 F 项必然是正确答案 之一。根据代词的原则，该项出现 these factors 和 such problems，那么前文一定会出现这两个词 本身或者其同义词。不难发现，在本题空格前面出现了 problems“这方面的问题也是社会性的， 比如食物的组织和分配、财富和繁荣”。因此 F 项“尽管存在这些因素，但是许多社会科学家们 似乎不愿意解决这些问题”即为正确选项，该项中 these factors 指代上段末句提到的
49、社会因素，而“许多科学家们不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的 this。【知识模块】 阅读13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 根据逻辑关系知识点，however 连接部分前后相反。因此 B 项谈及的话题，前一句一定也 会涉及。B 项提及的是关于 numbers 的话题，空前一句讲到 the number of papers including have increased rapidly，同时，B 项提到“the numbers are still small”(数量非常小)，空前信息是 “the numberincreased rapidly”(数量增长非常迅速)，两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。 所以正确答案为 B 项。【知识模块】 阅读14 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 该段第一句提到 The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding，其表达的 含义是：这个问题不一定出在可用资金的数量
