1、全国自考（英语词汇学）模拟试卷 8 及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and_. ( )（A）chronic（B） realistic（C） specific（D）diachronic2 Words can be classified according to the following criteria except_. ( )（A）notion（B） use frequency（C） foundation（D）origin3 Which typ
2、es of words belong to functional words? ( )（A）Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions.（B） Adjectives, nouns, articles.（C） Articles, prepositions, conjunctions.（D）Verbs, pronouns, prepositions.4 We find the following languages in the Celtic except _. ( )（A）Scottish（B） Irish（C） Danish（D）Breton5 The_family
3、 consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. ( )（A）Germanic（B） Indo-European（C） Albanian（D）Hellenic6 Which of the following is not one of the main sources of new words? ( )（A）The rapid development of
4、 modern science and technology.（B） Geographical and political changes.（C） The influence of other cultures and languages.（D）Social and economic changes.7 Which of the following statements are not correct? ( )（A）A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound.（B） A grapheme is the smallest unit of writing.（C）
5、 A sememe is the smallest unit of meaning.（D）A morpheme is the smallest unit of a word.8 Which of the following is right? ( )（A）Root and stem are identical.（B） Root includes stem.（C） Root and stem are completely different.（D）Stem includes root.9 These are negative prefixes except . ( )（A）dis-（B） in-
6、（C） non-（D）under-10 Which of the following belongs to number prefixes? ( )（A）Auto-.（B） Mis-.（C） Hemi-.（D）Pre-.11 Conversion is a method . ( )（A）of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech（B） of converting words of one meaning into different meaning（C） of deriving wo
7、rds through grammatical means（D）of changing words in morphological structure12 Which of the following words is not from Chinese? ( )（A）Tea.（B） Ketchup.（C） Kungfu.（D）Czar.13 The words “minibus“ and “endless“ are words. ( )（A）onomatopoeically motivated（B） morphologically motivated（C） semantically moti
8、vated（D）etymologically motivated14 Conceptual meaning is also known as_meaning. ( )（A）denotative（B） connotative（C） sense（D）lexical15 “One is filled with ambition usually works hard“. “The reactionarys chief ambition is to become the emperor“. The affective meanings of the two sentences individually
9、are:_. ( )（A）pejorative, appreciative（B） appreciative, pejorative（C） pejorative, pejorative（D）appreciative, appreciative16 Homographs are words identical only in but different in sound and meaning. ( )（A）sound（B） meaning（C） spelling（D）sense17 “ Composition “ and “ compounding “ in lexicology are _.
10、( )（A）absolute synonyms（B） relative synonyms（C） near synonyms（D）not synonyms18 A semantic field is a meaning area where words share the same . ( )（A）pronunciation（B） spelling（C） concept（D）sense19 Narrowing of meaning is also called . ( )（A）generalization（B） specialization（C） characterization（D）popul
11、arization20 The meaning of criticize changed by the mode of_. ( )（A）elevation（B） extension（C） degradation（D）narrowing21 The change of meaning is brought about by the following internal factors except . ( )（A）the influx of borrowing（B） alliteration（C） analogy（D）shortening22 Which of the following is
12、not a component of linguistic context? ( )（A）Words and phrases.（B） Sentences.（C） Text or passage.（D）Time and space.23 Hints given in a context are known as_. ( )（A）referents（B） clues（C） ambiguity（D）definition24 The boys are playing in the river in the raw. “In the raw“ in this sentence means “_“. (
13、)（A）naked（B） robe（C） shorts（D）vest25 Forms and functions of idioms are_. ( )（A）identical（B） not identical（C） different（D）not necessarily identical26 Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and personification are_. ( )（A）variations of idioms（B） figures of speech（C） lexical manipulation（D）rhetorical
14、features27 The target population of monolingual dictionaries are not _. ( )（A）general native speakers（B） foreign learners with intermediate level（C） foreign learners with higher English level（D）foreign learners with lower English level28 Pocket dictionaries provide only_. ( )（A）the spelling and pron
15、unciation of each word with meanings（B） spelling and meaning（C） spelling, meaning and usage（D）pronunciation and spelling29 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is _ dictionary. ( )（A）specialized（B） general（C） both A and B（D）neither A nor B30 As a general Chinese-English dictionary,_is the most
16、 complete and up-to-date, most elaborately. ( )（A）The Concise Oxford Dictionary , Ninth Edition(1996)（B） Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) New Edition (1987)（C） Collins COBLLILD English Language Dictionary (CCELD) (1987)（D）A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition) (CED) (1995)二、
17、填空题31 Photoscanning and hepatitis are_32 The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and_33 Almost all affixes are_morphemes because few can be used as independent words.34 The words “autocide“ and “telex“ are formed by_.35 In the phrase “the mouth of the river“, t
18、he word “mouth“ is_motivated.36 When a word is created, it has only one meaning. The first meaning is_meaning.37 Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly_ vocabulary.38 There are generally_major factors that cause changes in word meaning.39 According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms can be di
19、vided into “true“ idioms established at the upper end, semi-idioms in between and_ combinations at the bottom.40 The headword or entries are defined in the same language in a_ dictionary.三、名词解释41 semantic change42 compounding43 primary meaning44 lexical context45 pocket dictionaries四、简答题46 What are
20、the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root?47 What accounts for the relationships of arbitrary and conventional between reference and a thing outside the language?48 What is a semantic field?49 What are the advantages of using monolingual dictionary?五、论述题50 Analyze and comment on the
21、following. Write your answers in the space given below. a laconic description What does “ laconic“ mean? Which kind of motivated word is it? Why?51 Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. Study the following sentence. If you find anything wrong, please expl
22、ain why and then improve it. The fish is ready to eat.全国自考（英语词汇学）模拟试卷 8 答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 There are generally two approaches to the study of words，namely synchronic and diachronic一般来说，词汇研究有两种方法：共时研究和历时研究。2 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by
23、use frequency，into content words and functional words by notion，and into native words and borrowed words by origin按使用频率，词可以分为基本词汇和非基本词汇；按有无实义来分，词可以分为实义词和功能词；按起源分，词又可分为本族语词和外来语词。3 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 Functional words do not have notions of their ownPrepositions ，conjunctions，auxiliaries and articles belon
24、g to this category功能词本身不具实义。介词、连词、助动词和冠词属于功能词。4 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 In the Celtic，we find Scottish，Irish，Welsh，Breton，etc凯尔特语族中有苏格兰语、爱尔兰语、威尔士语和布列坦尼语等。5 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 题干译文：哪一个语族包括下面 4 门北欧语言：挪威语、冰岛语、丹麦语和瑞典语?The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages：Norwegian，Icelandic，Danish and
25、 Swedish，which are generally known as Scandinavian languages6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 题干译文：下列哪一项不是新词的主要来源?Rapid growth of science and technology breeds new wordsSocial，economic and political changes bring about an increasing number of new wordsThe influence of other cultures and languages can be felt in many
26、 different fields7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words词素是构词中最小的功能单位。8 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 Some people use root or stem interchangeablyIn this book，these two terms are used differently有人确实将“词根” 和“词干”互换使用。在本书中这两个术语的用法是不同的，故 A、B 和 C 均不正确。9 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】
27、Negative prefixes include a 一，dis 一，in 一(il 一，ir-，im 一)，non 一，un 一前缀 under 一不是否定词缀，表示在下方。10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 题干译文：下列哪一项属于数字前缀?auto 一属于表示其他种类意义的前缀，mis 一属于表示贬义的前缀，pre 一属于表示时间和顺序的前缀，hemi一表示“半”的意思，属于数字前缀。11 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a differen
28、t part of speech转类法是将一种词类转化成另一种词类构成新词的方法。12 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 题干译文：下列哪一项不是源于汉语?Czar(沙皇)指 1917 年以前俄国的皇帝，源自罗马皇帝凯撒(Caesar)，现指任何权力至高无上的人。13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 minibus( 小型客车 )，endless(无尽的)，这些词的意义可以由每一个词素的意义推导出，因此属于形态理据，即 morphological motivation。14 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 conceptual meaning is also known as denotative m
29、eaning概念意义也称作外延意义。15 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 题干译文：“雄心勃勃的人常常工作十分努力”。“那个反动分子的首要野心是当上皇帝”。这两个句子的情感意义分别是什么?第一句 ambition 译为雄心，显然是褒义；第二句译为野心，是贬义。16 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 题干译文：同形异音异义词是什么相同但读音和词义不同的词?Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning17 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 Absolute synonyms are res
30、tricted to highly specialized vocabulary，such as scarletfeverscarlatina in medicine，and compositioncompounding in lexicology，etc 在一些极为专门的术语中有一些绝对同义词，如医学上的 scarletfeverscarlatina(猩红热)，compositioncompounding(复合词)等。18 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets
31、 or fields一门语言的词能被归类为语义上相互关联的集合或场。因此同一个语义场里的词语义上都有关联。19 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 Narrowing of meaning is also called specialization词义的缩小也称词义的具体化。20 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 题干译文：criticize 一词的词义是通过什么方式变化的?criticize 一词的原义为“评价”而现义为“批评”，词义从中性转向了贬义，属于词义的降格。21 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 The change of meaning may be caused by internal fa
32、ctors within the language systemOne type of such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which remains the meaning of the wholeThe in flux of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaningFinal ly，the change of meaning is brought about by analogy语言系统的内部因素可以引起语义的变化。譬如一个词组缩成一个词，但仍表
33、达词组的全部意义。大量借词的涌入也引起了一些词的意义变化。最后，类比也产生了词义的变化。22 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 context is used in different senses In a narrow sense，it refers to the words，clauses，sentences in which a word appearsThis is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph，a whole chapter and even the entire book语境的含义有多种。狭义上讲，语境
34、是指一个词所在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言环境，可以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。23 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 题干译文：语境里出现的暗示叫做什么?Hints given in a context are known as clues24 【正确答案】 A。【试题解析】 题干译文：在“The boys are playing in the river in the raw”这句话中，“in the raw”是什么意思?“In the raw”means naked( 裸体的)25 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 题干译文：习语的形式和功能是怎么样的?习语的形式多钟多样，可以
35、是短语，句子等，习语可以做多种用途，因此它们是不同的。26 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 Figures of speech includes simile，metaphor，metonymy，synecdoche，personification and euphemism 修辞手法包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、借代、拟人和委婉语。27 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 The target population of monolingual dictionaries are general native speakers or second language and foreign learners w
36、ho have reached the intermediate and advanced stages单语词典的对象是普通的本族语言者或那些达到中高级的第二语言及外语学习者。28 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 Pocket dictionaries provide only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings袖珍词典仅仅提供了每个词的拼写和发音，及少许最为常见的意义。29 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 题干译文：朗文当代英语词典是一本什么样的词典?这本字典广泛涉及新词、新意义和
37、新用法，通俗易懂，是一本很好的普通词典。30 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 题干译文：作为一本大众性的汉英词典，哪一本词典是最为详尽、最贴近时代且论述最为精确的词典?As a general Chinese-English dictionary(CED)is the most complete and uptodate，most elaborately treated二、填空题31 【正确答案】 terminology【试题解析】 术语是指特定学科和学术领域所使用的专有名词。如医学名词：photoscanning(光扫描) ，hepatitis(肝炎)等。32 【正确答案】 India【试题解
38、析】 据估计，世界上约有 3000(有人认为有 5000)多种语言。这些语言可以根据它们的基本词汇和语法的相似性大致划为 300 个谱系，印欧语系即是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数语言、近东诸语言和印度语。33 【正确答案】 bound【试题解析】 几乎所有的词素都是粘附词素。34 【正确答案】 blending【试题解析】 题干译文：“autocide 自我毁灭汽车自杀 ”，“telex 电报”这两个词是通过什么方式构成的?autocide 源于 automobile+suicide，telex 源于telephone+exchange。35 【正确答案】 semantically【试题解
39、析】 semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggestedby the conceptual meaning of a wordWhen we say“the mouth of a river” ，we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal词义理据是指由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义，在说 the mouth of a river 时，我们是把河口与人或动物的口联系起来的；所以 mouth 在
40、短语中属于语义理据。36 【正确答案】 primary【试题解析】 题干译文：当一个词刚刚形成的时候，它只有一个意思。第一个意思即为这个词的什么意义?即首要意义。37 【正确答案】 specialized【试题解析】 题于译文：绝对近义词有限地存在于高度什么样的词汇中?医学上的 scarlet-feverscarlatina，词汇学上的 compositioncompounding 等等都属于绝对近义词，它们都为高度专业的词汇。38 【正确答案】 two【试题解析】 题干译文：一般来说，词义变化有几个主要因素?There aregenerally two major factors that
41、cause changes in meaning39 【正确答案】 regular【试题解析】 It should be pointed out that the idiomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of a scalewith the“true”idiomsestablished of the upper end and regular combinations at the bottomInbetween are the“semiidioms”即 “真正”的习语位于顶端，在中间地带的是“半习
42、语”，规则的组合处于末端。40 【正确答案】 monolingual【试题解析】 Monolingual dictionaries are written in one languageThat isthe headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language单语词典是以一种语言编写的词典，也就是用相同的语言对其核心词或词条进行定义和例示。三、名词解释41 【正确答案】 Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet
43、the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 42 【正确答案】 Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. A compound is a “lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning
44、both grammatically and semantically as a single word“(Quirk et al 1985). 43 【正确答案】 Primary meaning is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created. 44 【正确答案】 Lexical context refers to the meaning of a word is often affected and defined by the neighboring words. 45 【正确答案】 These dictiona
45、ries have about 50000 entries or fewer. Such a dictionary provides only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings. They contain only a few or no examples. 四、简答题46 【正确答案】 Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. Bound morphemes include bound root and
46、 affix. Bound root is only a type of bound morpheme. 47 【正确答案】 This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. 48 【正确答案】 A semantic field is a meaning area where words share the same concept. A semantic field is useful because it helps pin down the meanings of words in relation to o
47、ther words in the semantic field. Often, a word is not known until the words that operate with it become known. 49 【正确答案】 (l)The use of a monolingual dictionary can increase exposure of the language and avoid misunderstanding by translation. (2) Users have to think in English, understand meanings in
48、 term of other English words, thus enlarging vocabulary and learn the precise meanings of words and usages through definitions and examples. (3)The effective use of a mono-lingual dictionary will give learners a sense of satisfaction and self-sufficiency and greater confidence in their ability to so
49、lve language problems.五、论述题50 【正确答案】 (1)“Laconic“ means “short“ or “brief“.(2)It belongs to etymologically motivated word.(3)It is derived from “Lacons“,a tribe of people who were known for their “brevity of speech“ and for their habit of never using more words than necessary.51 【正确答案】 (l)It is ambiguous.(2) Ambiguity caused by the structure.(3)This sentence can be understood as:The fish is cooked or se
