2019年高考化学化工流程全突破专题07化工流程中物质的结晶专练对点专练.doc

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1、- 1 -专题 07 化工流程中物质的结晶1用废雷尼镍(主要成分为 NiO、Al,少量 Cr、Fe、C、S 及有机物)制备 Ni(NO3)26H2O的实验流程如下:已知:在实验条件下,Ni 2+、Cr 3+在溶液中不能被 NaClO或 HNO3氧化。NiSO 4易溶于水,NiCO 3难溶于水;Ni(NO 3)2在 20、90时溶解度依次为 79.2、188g/100g水。己知“酸溶”后的溶液中主要的四种离子开始沉淀与沉淀完全的 pH 如下:Ni2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cr3+开始沉淀 pH 6.2 7.6 2.3 4.5沉淀完全 pH 8.5 9.1 3.3 5.6(1) “除铝”所用试剂及

2、主要操作为_。(2) “灼烧”的主要目的是_。(3) “酸溶” 时,用浓硫酸和水代替稀硫酸的目的是_。(4) “除铁、铬”时,Fe 2+被氧化为 Fe3+的离子方程式为_;氧化后需将溶液 pH 调整到的范围是_。(5)请设计由“净化液”制取 Ni(NO3)26H2O的实验方案:_,离心分离、洗涤、干燥得 Ni(NO3)26H2O (实验中须使用的试剂有:6molL -1硝酸,3 molL -1Na2CO3溶液)。【答案】 用 NaOH 溶液浸泡、过滤、洗涤及干燥 除去 C、S 及有机物 利用浓硫酸与水混合放热,使溶液温度升高,加快酸溶速率 2Fe2+ClO-+2H+=2Fe3+Cl-+H2O

3、5.6”或“”)。将钨酸钠溶液加入石灰乳得到大量钨酸钙,发生反应的离子方程式为_,T 2时该反应的平衡常数为_。 (4)硬质合金刀具中含碳化钨(WC),利用电解法可以从碳化钨废料中回收钨。电解时,用碳化钨做阳极,不锈钢做阴极,HCl 溶液为电解液,阳极析出钨酸并放出 CO2。该阳极反应式为_。【答案】 +6 2MnWO4O 24NaOH 2MnO22Na 2WO42H 2O HAsO32 H 2O2=HAsO42 H 2O - 12 -MgSiO3 、MgHAsO 4 、MgHPO 4 WO42 Ca(OH) 2(s)=CaWO 4(s)2OH 1103 WC6H 2O10e -=H2WO4C

4、O 210H 8铋(Bi)与氮同族,氯氧化铋(BiOCl)广泛用于彩釉调料、塑料助剂、油漆调色、生产金属铋等。一种以用火法炼铜过程产生的铜转炉烟尘(除含铋的化合物之外,还有CuSO4、ZnSO 4、CuS、Fe 2O3、PbSO 4及 As2O3)制备高纯氯氧化铋的工艺流程如下:请回答:(1)BiOCl中 Bi元素的化合价为_。- 13 -(2)向“酸浸”所得“浸液 1”中加入 Zn粉,主要目的是_。(3)“浸铜”时,有单质硫生成,其反应的离子方程式为_。(4)“浸铋”时,温度升高,铋的浸出率降低,其原因为_。(5)“沉铋”时需控制溶液的 pH=3.0,此时 BiCl3发生反应的化学方程式为_

5、。(6)“除铅、砷”时,可以采用以下两种方法:加入改性羟基磷灰石固体(HAP):浸液 2与 HAP的液固比(L/S)与铅、砷去除率以及后续沉铋量的关系如下表:L/S 1251 501 251 151Pb2+去除率/% 84.86 94.15 95.40 96.83As3+去除率/% 98.79 98.92 98.34 99.05m(沉铋)/g 2.34 2.33 2.05 1.98实验中应采用的 L/S=_。铁盐氧化法:向浸液 2中加入 Fe2(SO4)3,并调节 pH,生成 FeAsO4沉淀。当溶液中 c(AsO43-)=110-9 mol/L,且不产生 Fe(OH)3沉淀,此时溶液的 pH为_。(已知:1g2=0.3;FeAsO4、Fe(OH) 3的 Ksp分别为 510-21、410 -38。)【答案】 +3 除去 Cu2+、Fe 3+ CuS+MnO2+4H+=Cu2+ Mn2+S+2H 2O 温度升高,盐酸挥发,反应物浓度降低 BiCl 3+Na2CO3=BiOCl+2NaCl+CO 2 501 5.3- 14 -

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