1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR1600AAEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR1600 REV. A Issued 1985-10 Revised 1997-10R
5、eaffirmed 2015-11 Superseding AIR1600 Animal Environment in Cargo Compartments RATIONALE AIR1600A has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. FOREWORDChanges in this revision are format/editorial only.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE .31.1 Purpose.32. REFERENCES .43. LIMITATIONS FOR
6、 VARIOUS ANIMALS .53.1 Temperature53.1.1 Steady State53.1.2 Transients .103.2 Humidity 123.3 Effective Temperature .123.4 Carbon Dioxide .133.5 Air Velocity 133.6 Noise.133.7 Lighting .144. METABOLISM OF ANIMALS144.1 Sensible and Latent Heat144.2 Metabolism for Baby Chicks194.3 Ground Operation .19T
7、ABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)5. METHODS OF CALCULATION 205.1 Compartment Temperature .205.2 Method of Estimating Compartment Humidity.215.2.1 Non-ventilated Areas 215.2.2 Ventilated Areas235.3 Method for Estimating Carbon Dioxide .235.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Concentration235.3.2 Consideration of Airplane
8、Variables256. DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ANIMAL LOAD.266.1 Loads Comprising a Single Species .266.1.1 General .266.1.2 Temperature Limitation286.1.3 Humidity Limitation286.1.4 Carbon Dioxide and Free Air Volume .286.1.5 Volume Limitation296.2 Mixed Animal Loads296.2.1 Determination of Allowable Load 2
9、96.2.2 Limitations on Mixing of Animal Loads296.3 In-Service Data Collection.297. DESIGN FEATURES FOR ANIMAL COMPARTMENTS307.1 Sources of Ventilation Air307.2 Cargo Compartment Exhaust307.3 Sources of Heating and Cooling .317.4 Temperature and Ventilation Control Systems317.5 Cargo Classifications a
10、nd Regulations .31SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 2 OF 321. SCOPE:The environmental factors of prime importance in the transport of animals in aircraft are air temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration, and of course space (or volume) limitations.Secondary factors are air velocity, noise, li
11、ghting, etc. Pressure is not addressed herein as pressure levels and rates of change are totally dictated by human occupancy requirements.Some basic governmental documents, such as References 1, 2 and 3, define overall requirements for animal transportation, but with very limited data on environment
12、al requirements. Reference 4 gives some airplane characteristics measured during animal transportation from the USA to foreign destinations. Temperature and humidity profiles are indicative of airplane characteristics.This report presents information on the temperature, humidity, ventilation, and ca
13、rbon dioxide limitations and the metabolic heat release rates for animals which will allow the determination of the environment required by the animals. Design features of ventilated and nonventilated cargo compartments are presented. Methods of calculation of the temperature, humidity, and carbon d
14、ioxide environment are provided that will allow for the determination of the animal capacities of animal carrying cargo compartments. Animals are being carried in the lower cargo compartments on passenger carrying aircraft which are only provided with coarse temperature control. These compartments p
15、rovide a very satisfactory environment for most animals if knowledge of the animals requirements are matched with the compartments capability to produce that environment.It should be noted that although animal is the definition of cargo being considered, data is also provided for birds.1.1 Purpose:T
16、he purpose of this AIR is to provide information on the environmental conditions that are required for the transportation of animals in the lower cargo compartments of passenger carrying aircraft. The intent is to provide guidelines to aircraft manufacturers, and background information to air carrie
17、rs, that will assist in defining suitable animal carrying environments, and which will supplement good judgement and previous experience.Values and units are given in both U.S. Customary and SI units.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 3 OF 322. REFERENCES:1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 9 - Animals an
18、d Animal Products, Chapter 1, Subchapter A - Animal Welfare2. IATA Live Animal Regulations, 11th Edition, January, 19843. FAA Order 8110.29A, Cargo Compartment Requirements for Air Shipment of Livestock, April 11, 19794. USDA Report, “Environmental Conditions on Air Shipment of Livestock” AAT-NE-5,
19、dated February, 19795. Internal Temperatures of Chick Shipping Boxes as Influenced by Environmental Temperatures. Poultry Science, Vol. XXiX No. 2, March, 1950, Wilbur O. Wilson6. Livestock Trucking Guide, Livestock Conservation Institute, South St. Paul7. Boeing Commercial Airplane Company Brochure
20、, D6-46286. “Animal Passengers in the Boeing 727 Lower Compartments”8. ASAE Paper Number 77-4523, “Air Transport of Livestock - Environmental Needs”, 1977 Winter Meeting December 13-16, 19779. APHIS report 91-21, “Environmental Considerations for Shipment of Livestock by Air Freight” dated May, 1974
21、10. Energy and Gaseous Metabolism of the Chicken from Hatch to Maturity as affected by Temperature. J. Nutrition Volume 31, pages 35 to 50, 1946, Barott and Pringle.11. SAE Aerospace Applied Thermodynamics Manual ARP1168, 2nd Edition, October 1969, page 110, EQ (ID-11b)12. FAR 25.857, Cargo Compartm
22、ent ClassificationSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 4 OF 323. LIMITATIONS FOR VARIOUS ANIMALS:This section discusses limitations of temperature, humidity, effective temperature, carbon dioxide, air velocity, noise and lighting. It should be noted that Reference 1 includes requirements for the welfare of an
23、imals, including transportation. Section 3.1 discusses the Reference 1 limitations on temperature, however familiarization with other aspects is also appropriate.3.1 Temperature:Temperature limitations are reviewed in this section as related to steady state limits and also as related to transients.
24、Most available data is related to steady state.3.1.1 Steady State: As a general rule, animals are reasonably comfortable at the same air temperatures as are humans. In determining the air temperature surrounding the animals one must consider the difference in temperature between inside and outside t
25、he container.It has been observed that, when a number of animals are shipped in one container, as is the case for baby chicks, conditions within the container can be quite different from those of the surroundings. This is shown in Figure 1, which uses data from Reference 5. Such increases in tempera
26、ture, as well as the increase in humidity within the shipping container, must be considered when evaluating the environment surrounding the animal. For example, if the temperature in the baby chick carton exceeds approximately 104 F (40 C) the potential for death due to overheat is very high. Baby t
27、urkeys have been observed to die if the temperature in the carbon exceeds 95 F (35 C) for more than 10 minutes.Information published in the Code of Federal Regulations (Reference 1) includes some limits that are not to be exceeded outside the primary enclosure at “terminal facilities”. The requireme
28、nts for the following animals include an 85 F (29.4 C) maximum and 45 F (7 C) minimum (see also section 3.1.2). These limits may be exceeded, with prior acclimatization, except for guinea pigs and hamsters. For these two animals the limits given in this AIR are more restrictive.Dogs and catsGuinea p
29、igs and hamstersRabbitsNon-human PrimatesGenerally recognized temperature limits for various animals are included in Table 1. These are more detailed than provided by Reference 1. The Table 1 temperatures are acceptable in “normal” humidity levels of 40 to 60% RH. Higher humidity must be allowed for
30、 as discussed in section 3.3. The values given in Table 1 should be used with checks as necessary of the latest version of Reference 1.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 5 OF 32FIGURE 1 - Internal Chick Box Temperature as a Function of Ambient TemperatureSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 6 OF 32TABLE 1 - Animal Te
31、mperature LimitsAnimalTemperatureLimitsFTemperatureLimitsCApe 45 - 95 7 - 35 Badger 35 - 85 2 - 29 Bear (young) 35 - 85 2 - 29 Beaver 35 - 85 2 - 29 Birds 65 - 95 18 - 35 Bobcat 50 - 80 10 - 27 Bulldog 50 - 95 10 - 35 Canary 65 - 85 18 - 29 Capuchin monkey Adult 65 - 95 18 - 35 Infant 80 - 90 27 - 3
32、2 Cat 50 - 80 10 - 27 Cheetah 65 - 95 18 - 35 Chicken 60 - 90 16 - 32 Chick (baby) 70 - 85* 21 - 29* Chimpanzee 65 - 95 18 - 35 Chinchilla 40 - 80 4 - 27 Civet 55 - 80 13 - 27 Cougar (puma) 40 - 80 4 - 27 Coyote 35 - 85 2 - 29 Dingo 45 - 85 7 - 29 Dog Long hair 40 - 85 4 - 29 Short hair 50 - 95 10 -
33、 35 Dove 65 - 90 18 - 32 Duck 60 - 90 16 - 32 Duckling 70 - 85* 21 - 29* Eagle 60 - 80 16 - 27 Ermine 45 - 85 7 - 29 Falcon 60 - 80 16 - 27 Ferret 45 - 85 7 - 29 Finch 65 - 85 18 - 29 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 7 OF 32Fox 40 - 80 4 - 27 Gazelle 65 - 85 18 - 29 Gerbil 55 - 85 13 - 29 German shepherd
34、40 - 85 4 - 29 Goose 60 - 90 16 - 32 Gosling 70 - 85* 21 - 29* Great Dane 45 - 95 7 - 35 Green monkey Adult 65 - 95 18 - 35 Infant 80 - 90 27 - 32 Guinea pig 45 - 80 7 - 27 Hamster 50 - 85 10 - 29 Hawk 60 - 80 16 - 27 Hornbill 60 - 80 16 - 27 Hummingbird 65 - 95 18 - 35 Hunting dog 40 - 85 4 - 29 Hy
35、ena 45 - 85 7 - 29 Jaguar 65 - 95 18 - 35 Jay 65 - 85 18 - 29 Jerboa 55 - 90 13 - 32 Lemur monkey Adult 65 - 95 18 - 35 Infant 80 - 90 27 - 32 Leopard 65 - 85 18 - 29 Lion 65 - 85 18 - 29 Lynx 60 - 80 16 - 27 Magpie 65 - 85 18 - 29 Manx 50 - 80 10 - 27 Marmoset monkey Adult 65 - 95 18 - 35 Infant 80
36、 - 90 27 - 32 Marmot 40 - 80 4 - 27 Marten 40 - 80 4 - 27 Mink 40 - 80 4 - 27 Mouse 55 - 90 13 - 32 Muskrat 40 - 80 4 - 27 TABLE 1 - Animal Temperature Limits (Continued)AnimalTemperatureLimitsFTemperatureLimitsCSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 8 OF 32Mynah 65 - 85 18 - 29 Ocelot 65 - 95 18 - 35 Opossum 5
37、5 - 90 13 - 32 Orangutang 70 - 95 21 - 35 Otter 40 - 80 4 - 27 Owl 60 - 80 16 - 27Parrot 65 - 90 18 - 32 Peafowl 60 - 80 16 - 27 Pheasant 65 - 95 18 - 35 Pigeon 65 - 85 18 - 29 Polecat 45 - 85 7 - 29 Poodle 50 - 85 10 - 29 Porcupine 40 - 80 4 - 27 Pug 50 - 95 10 - 35 Quail 65 - 85 18 - 29 Rabbit 35
38、- 85 2 - 29 Raccoon 40 - 80 4 - 27 Rhesus monkey Adult 65 - 95 18 - 35 Infant 80 - 90 27 - 32 Rodent 55 - 85 13 - 29 Sable 40 - 80 4 - 27 Sandpiper 65 - 85 18 - 29 Shrew 55 - 85 13 - 29 Spider monkey Adult 65 - 95 18 - 35 Infant 80 - 90 27 - 32 Squirrel 45 - 85 7 - 29 St. Bernard 35 - 85 2 - 29 Stan
39、dard poodle 45 - 85 7 - 29 Terrier 50 - 95 10 - 35 Turkey 60 - 80 16 - 27 Turkey poult 70 - 85* 21 - 29* Vicuna 50 - 80 10 - 27 Waxbill 65 - 85 18 - 29 Weasel 40 - 80 4 - 27 TABLE 1 - Animal Temperature Limits (Continued)AnimalTemperatureLimitsFTemperatureLimitsCSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 9 OF 323.1
40、.2 Transients: As is implied by the Department of Agriculture in Reference 1, transient excursions beyond the limits set are acceptable. Of course the magnitude must be limited. For Reference 1 animals (see section 3.1.1), an excursion above 85 F (29.4 C) or below 45 F (7.2 C) is required by Referen
41、ce 1 to be limited to 45 minutes.The Livestock Conservation Institute has published information on a Livestock Weather Safety Index for use by the trucking industry, Reference 6 (See Figure 2). Reference 6 data is directed at transportation of cattle, sheep and hogs, whereas this AIR is primarily di
42、rected at smaller animals. However, the data is of use for comparison. Reference 6 recommends delay in shipment if the conditions in the “Emergency” region are predicted for the transportation time period.Animals transported by air encounter a different exposure than do those transported by truck. A
43、board the truck, they are generally exposed to the severe environment for the entire period of confinement on the vehicle. On the airplane, the situation is different in that the severe conditions exist with the airplane on the ground or at low altitude.Transient conditions, primarily involving exci
44、tement during loading, are allowed for by the inclusion of excitement factors in Section 4, Metabolic Heat Rates.With additional risk of animal loss, acceptable transient temperature could be revised by approximately 6 F (3.3 C) as indicated by translation from the ALERT/DANGER boundary of Figure 2
45、to the DANGER/EMERGENCY boundary.Wild dog 45 - 85 7 - 29 Wolf 35 - 85 2 - 29 Wolverine 35 - 85 2 - 29 *This is compartment temperature. Temperature within the carton will be 90 - 100 F (32 - 38 C).With correct packaging, the above animal requirements represent compartment limits.TABLE 1 - Animal Tem
46、perature Limits (Continued)AnimalTemperatureLimitsFTemperatureLimitsCSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 10 OF 32FIGURE 2 - Livestock Limitations Per Reference 6SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1600A 11 OF 323.2 Humidity:To maintain control of the body temperature, it is necessary to discard heat released during the met
47、abolic process occurring within the animals. As discussed under the section dealing with Metabolism, heat is lost by Sensible and by Latent heat losses. In a confined compartment, the released sensible heat raises the compartment temperature and the latent heat raises the compartment absolute humidi
48、ty. The sum of the heat lost through sensible and latent processes must equal the metabolic heat if body temperature control is to be realized. Sensible heat transferred is dependent on the temperature difference between the animals body and its surroundings. Thus, as the temperature of the air surr
49、ounding the animal approaches the animals body temperature, less heat is lost as sensible and more must be rejected as latent. Since the heat that can be rejected as latent decreases as the relative humidity approaches 100 percent, a need exists to avoid the combination of high temperature and high humidity if body temperature control is to be realized. For short p
