1、Designation: F3361 18Standard Guide forClassifying Alterations for In-Service Aircraft under FAAAuthority Oversight1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for Part 23 and predecessoraircraft (see Civil Air Regulations (CAR) 3) and:1.1.1 Is applic
3、able to aircraft to which Part 43 applies.1.1.2 Addresses both initial installation and replacement ofaircraft articles.1.1.3 Is a guide for classifying an alteration.1.1.4 The intended audience of this guide is individuals whohave been tasked with evaluating alterations for the purpose ofcategorizi
4、ng an alteration for the purpose of satisfying theregulations.1.1.5 Is an alteration to an article.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health,
5、and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internationa
6、l Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Code of Federal Regulations:214 CFRAeronautics and Space, Vol 1, Chapter I, SubchapterA, Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations, includingAmendments 1-1
7、 through 1-6914 CFRAeronautics and Space, Vol 1, Chapter I, SubchapterC, Part 21 Certification Procedures for Products andArticles, including Amendments 21-1 through 21-10014 CFRAeronautics and Space, Vol 1, Chapter I, SubchapterC, Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility,Acrobatic, and Comm
8、uter Category Airplanes14 CFRAeronautics and Space, Vol 1, Chapter I, SubchapterC, Part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance,Rebuilding, and Alteration, including Amendments 43-1through 43-4914 CFRAeronautics and Space, Vol 2, Chapter I, SubchapterD, Part 65 Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight
9、 Crew-members14 CFRAeronautics and Space, Vol 3, Chapter I, SubchapterH, Part 145 Repair Stations2.2 FAA Standards:3Civil Aeronautics Manual (CAM) 18 Maintenance, Repair,and Alteration of Airframes, Powerplants, Propellers, andAppliances, dated 12/15/1959Civil Air Regulations (CAR) 3 Airplane Airwor
10、thiness -Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Restricted PurposeCategories, dated 5/15/1996, including Amendments 3-1to 3-8AC 25.571-1( ) Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluationof StructureAC 43-210( ) Standardized Procedures for Obtaining Ap-proval of Data Used in the Performance of Major Repairsand Maj
11、or AlterationsAFS-300 Major Repair andAlteration DataApproval OnlineJob Aid4Order 8110.46 Major Alterations that Require SupplementalType Certificates, dated 9/30/2002, Cancelled5Order 8300.16 Major Repair and Alteration Data Approval,dated 4/18/2014, including Change 1, dated 12/7/2015Order 8900.1
12、Flight Standards Information ManagementSystem (FSIMS)FAA Special Policy on Addressing New Technology asApplicable as Valid1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F39 on AircraftSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F39.02 on Inspection,Alteration, Maintenance, and
13、Repair.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published January 2019. DOI: 10.1520/F336118.2Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol St.,NW, Washington, DC 20401, https:/www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cfr.3Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Indepe
14、ndenceAve., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http:/rgl.faa.gov.4As published by AFS-300, https:/www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afx/afs/afs300/.5Used as reference for 6.2.2 through 6.2.2.6 inclusive.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
15、ocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organ
16、ization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted practices, npractices demonstrated to con-form to standards developed for or used by, or both, theaviation industry.3.1.2 alteration, nany appreciable change in the design ofan airframe, powerplant, pro
17、peller, or appliance.3.1.3 altered state, nthe documented state of the airframe,powerplant, propeller, or appliance prior to applying thisstandard (for example, performing the alteration).3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis includes all changes that havebeen incorporated since the issuance of its original airwor
18、thi-ness certificate.3.1.4 appreciable change, na change that is large enoughto be noticed using an appropriate unit of measure.3.1.4.1 DiscussionWith modern technology, all changescould be measured, for example, increased weight, thickness,dimensions, etc., which is not the intent of this definitio
19、n.3.1.5 article, na material, part, component, process, orappliance. (14 CFR Part 21)3.1.6 complex special process, na process that, if notproperly performed, has a significant adverse effect on theintegrity of the product.3.1.7 elementary operations, nin the context of mainte-nance or alteration, w
20、hen:(1) The operation, procedure, or action is clearly defined;(2) Housing, facilities, equipment, and tooling are suffi-cient to perform the operation, procedure, or action;(3) Proper training and qualifications to perform theoperation, procedure, or action are established and accom-plished; and(4)
21、 The operation, procedure, or action is controlled toconsistently yield a measurable standard.3.1.8 initial installation, nthe installation of an article thatis new to the aircraft where one was not previously installed.3.1.9 major alteration, nan alteration not listed in theaircraft, aircraft engin
22、e, or propeller specifications that (1)might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength,performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, orother qualities affecting airworthiness; or (2) is not doneaccording to accepted practices or cannot be done by elemen-tary operations. (1
23、4 CFR Part 1)3.1.10 minor alteration, nan alteration other than a majoralteration. (14 CFR Part 1)3.1.11 product, nan aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.(14 CFR Part 21)3.1.12 repair, nrestoration of airframe, powerplant,propeller, or appliance to a condition for safe operation afterdamage or d
24、eterioration. (CAM 18.1, Definitions)3.1.13 replacement, nremoval of one previously installedmake and/or model with a different make and/or model article.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ACOAircraft Certification Office (FAA)3.2.2 ASEAviation Safety Engineer (FAA)3.2.3 ASIAviation Safety Inspector (FAA)3.2.4
25、 DARDesignated Airworthiness Representative (anFAA designation)3.2.5 DERDesignated Engineering Representative (anFAA designation)3.2.6 FSDOFlight Standards District Office (FAA)3.2.7 ODAOrganization Designation Authorization (anFAA designation)3.2.8 OEMOriginal Equipment Manufacturer3.2.9 STCSupplem
26、ental Type Certificate3.2.10 TCType Certificate4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes a procedure for evaluating andcategorizing alterations as minor or major, thus determining theappropriate means of approval. (See Fig. 1.)5. Significance and Use5.1 To standardize applications of CFR Title 14,
27、 as appli-cable.6. Procedure6.1 Applicant begins process.6.2 Applicant defines scope of alteration.NOTE 1Take steps to ensure this change is an alteration, not a repair.Refer to Section 3, Terminology.6.2.1 Is the scope of the alteration sufficient to process as amajor change in type design (14 CFR
28、21.93)?6.2.2 A major change in type design is defined as a changethat has an appreciable effect on the certificated weight,certificated balance, structural strength, reliability, operationalcharacteristics, or other characteristics affecting the airworthi-ness of the product.6.2.2.1 Certified Weight
29、 and BalanceExamples of altera-tions that may appreciably affect the Certified Weight andBalance include, but are not limited to:(1) Changes that increase the certificated maximum weightlimits (increases in the maximum gross weight, maximumtake-off, or landing weights).(2) Changes in the certificate
30、d center of gravity rangelimits (for example, decreasing the forward limit or increasingthe aft limit).6.2.2.2 Structural StrengthExamples of alterations thatmay appreciably affect structural strength include, but are notlimited to:(1) Changes to primary structures (structure that carriesflight, gro
31、und, or pressure loads as defined in AC 25.571-1.(2) Substituting an engine, propeller, rotor, or airframeprimary structural materials (such as replacing a reciprocatingengine with a turbine engine or increasing horsepower outputby 10 % or more).6.2.2.3 ReliabilityExamples of alterations that may ap
32、pre-ciably affect reliability include, but are not limited to:(1) Changes to manifolding, air induction systems or airintake doors, engine cowling or baffle that affect the flow ofengine cooling air and carburetor/fire ignition heat rises.F3361 182(2) Changing the basic engine or propeller design, c
33、ontrols,and operating limitations.(3) Changes that include engine/propeller adjustments andsetting limitations that affect power output.(4) Modifications to approved avionics equipment thataffect reliability or airworthiness, such as changes:(a) Deviating from the design environment performance.(b)
34、Deviating from the component manufacturers operat-ing limitations.(c) To software. (Note that Changes to Software refers tomodification of the code, not of doing an OEM approvedsoftware update or revision.)(d) To wire shielding that may affect High IntensityRadiated Fields (HIRF) and Electromagnetic
35、 Interference(EMI).6.2.2.4 Operational CharacteristicsExamples of altera-tions that may appreciably affect operational characteristicsinclude, but are not limited to:(1) Changes or relocation of systems (including hydraulic,oil, and fuel systems) and equipment that affects structuralintegrity, fligh
36、t, ground handling characteristics, or noise/acoustics of the aircraft.(2) Changes that alter the movable control surfaces thataffect the dynamic or static balance, or both, alter the aerody-namic contour of movable control surfaces, or change theweight distribution.(3) Changes in control surface tr
37、avel, control system me-chanical advantage, location of control system componentparts, or direction of motion.(4) Changes in basic dimensions or external aerodynamiccontour/configuration of the aircraft such as wing and tailplanform or incidence angles, canopy, cowlings, contour orradii, the locatio
38、n of wing and tail fairings, winglets, wing liftstruts, tiptanks, windows, and doors.(5) Installation of support structure for appliances, orsupport structure and appliances, to the exterior (that is, nightsun beacon, camera, spray/dusting equipment) on rotorcraftonly.6(6) Changes to flight-critical
39、 electrical/electronic systemssuch as electronic flight controls or the engine control system,Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC), fly by wire,and so forth.(7) Changes that affect aircraft performance, drag, enginepower, revolutions per minute (r/min), or exhaust muffler.(8) Changes affect
40、ing noise or flight characteristics.(9) Rotorcraft items, such as external search lights, skis,baskets, and so forth.6(10) Changes that increase the operational limits (maxi-mum speed limits such as VA, VFE, VNE; minimum speedlimitations such as stall speed; increases in service ceiling, andso forth
41、).6.2.2.5 AirworthinessExamples of alterations that mayappreciably affect the airworthiness include, but are not limitedto:(1) Changes to landing gear and related components, suchas internal parts of shock struts, length, geometry of members,changes to brake and brake systems, or additions.(2) Chang
42、es to systems that affect aircraft airworthiness,such as:(a) Relocation of exterior fuel vents or battery vents.6Not applicable for this product in this guide at this revision, but may beaddressed in later revisions.FIG. 1 Evaluating and Categorizing AlterationsF3361 183(b) Crew or passenger liquid
43、oxygen (LOX) or on-boardgenerating systems.(c) External critical access doors, Auxiliary Power Unit(APU) ram air, nacelle blowout doors, fuel drain.(3) Major deviations to STCs.(4) Changes to oil, hydraulic, pneumatic, and fuel lines orsystems that affect their operation or installation and flamma-b
44、ility requirements, such as:(a) New types of hoses or hose fittings, or both, that maynot meet installation requirements such as flow rate andflammability requirements.(b) Changes to fuel dump valves.(c) New oil/fuel/hydraulic line materials or sealants.(d) Change to, or addition of, permanent fuel
45、tanks or fuelsystem components.(5) Changes in fixed fire extinguisher or detector systemsthat affect system effectiveness or reliability, such as:(a) Relocation of discharge nozzles, detector units, orfixed fire extinguisher bottles.(b) Using new or different detector components.(c) Decreasing the a
46、mount or changing the type of extin-guishing agents.(6) Changes that include the substitution of engine/APU/propeller/airframe materials that affect structural integrity,lightning protection, flight characteristics, or noise/acoustics.(7) Any other complex special process that, if not properlyperfor
47、med, has a significant adverse effect on the integrity ofthe product.(8) Major alterations to propellers.6.2.2.6 CrashworthinessExamples of alterations that mayappreciably affect crashworthiness include, but are not limitedto:(1) Changes to the aircraft structure, cabin interiors, orequipment reloca
48、tion.(2) Changes that increase the certificated seating capacity,excluding sport parachute jumping configuration.(3) Changes that include the substitution of engine/propeller/airframe materials that affect fire protection, light-ning protection, or flammability.6.2.2.7 Other alterations that may req
49、uire an STC aredescribed in AFS-300 Job Aid.6.2.3 If the answer to any of the above is yes,6.2.3.1 Consider the modification as a major change in typedesign.6.2.3.2 Applicant applies for STC or TC amendment.6.2.3.3 End of process STC is required.6.2.3.4 If no, continue.6.2.4 Is this a major alteration?6.2.4.1 Major alteration means an alteration not listed in theaircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller specifications:(1) That might appreciably affect weight, balance, struc-tural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flightcharacteristics, or o
